Peanut is an important oilseed and food legume cultivated as a rain-fed crop in semi-arid tropics. Drought and high salinity are the major abiotic stresses limiting the peanut productivity in this region. Development of drought and salt tolerant peanut varieties with improved yield potential using biotechnological approach is highly desirable to improve the peanut productivity in marginal geographies. As abiotic stress tolerance and yield represent complex traits, engineering of regulatory genes to produce abiotic stress-resilient transgenic crops appears to be a viable approach. In the present study, we developed transgenic peanut plants expressing an Arabidopsis homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factor (AtHDG11) under stress inducible rd29A promoter. A stress-inducible expression of AtHDG11 in three independent homozygous transgenic peanut lines resulted in improved drought and salt tolerance through up-regulation of known stress responsive genes (LEA, HSP70, Cu/Zn SOD, APX, P5CS, NCED1, RRS5, ERF1, NAC4, MIPS, Aquaporin, TIP, ELIP) in the stress gene network, antioxidative enzymes, free proline along with improved water use efficiency traits such as longer root system, reduced stomatal density, higher chlorophyll content, increased specific leaf area, improved photosynthetic rates, and increased intrinsic instantaneous WUE. Transgenic peanut plants displayed high yield compared to non-transgenic plants under both drought and salt stress conditions. Holistically, our study demonstrates the potentiality of stress-induced expression of AtHDG11 to improve the drought, salt tolerance in peanut.

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Soil variability is major factor behind the less yield, higher cost of cultivation and minimum profit. Geostatistics, principal component analysis and Fuzz C mean cluster algorithms are used to check soil spatial variability and help in reduction of spatial variability by diving field in to different management zone. Spatial variability of soil of Telangana was measured and also developed eight management zones for four ha using geostatistical analysis, Principal component analysis and Fuzz C mean cluster algorithm. Using above information, Field experiments were conducted at Khammam, Telanagana during rabi-2021 to demonstrate SSNM technique on farmer field using soil test crop response and targeted yield concept in maize crop. In this study, there are three treatments used: Treatment -1: - Fertilizer application based on eight soil sample testing, Treatment- 2: - Fertilizer application based on one soil sample testing, and Treatment -3: - Farmer fertilizer practices. The study concluded that grain yield over farmer fertilizer practices was highest in treatment -1 followed by treatment -2. Maximum gross return and gross return per ha over farmer fertilizer practice were observed in treatment -1 (Rs. 170170 and Rs. 26180.00 respectively) followed by treatment -2 (Rs. 157080 and Rs. 13090.00 respectively).

A field experiment conducted at International Crops Research Institutefor the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India to study the effect of different quality of water on growth, yield and water use efficiency of soybean during rabi 2015-16. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) and replicated fivetimes with three treatments i.e. untreated wastewater, treated wastewater and fresh water. The result of the present study indicate that untreated wastewater affect plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production, number of pod per plant, test weight, seed yield and straw yield significantly. Highest seed yield of soybean was observed in untreated wastewater (22.20 q ha-1) in relation to wastewater and freshwater. Higher value of growth attributes and yield attributes were found in untreated wastewater. Highest water use efficiency of soybean was also recorded in untreated wastewater treatment. This study, it concluded untreated wastewater increased growth attributes, yield attributes and yield and also water use efficiency due to presence of enough amount of nutrient in untreated wastewater and less amount of heavy metal that help to achieve maximum seed yield and water use efficiency in soybean.