Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from wireless devices, particularly mobile phones, is a potentially growing public health concern. In this study, the neuronal effects of EMR on primary cortical neurons (PCNs) from neonatal rat cerebral cortex and the protective role of hispolon (HIS) and its derivatives were investigated as a measure of cranial exposure during mobile phone use. PCNs were isolated and cultured from day-old neonatal rats, then exposed for 2 h to EMR emitted by a mobile phone operating at a frequency of 2100 MHz with 1.6 W/Kg specific absorption rate (SAR) in call-answered mode treated with HIS and its derivatives. The induction of apoptosis through modulation of pro and anti-apoptotic genes via mitochondrial pathway and the protection by the test compounds was assessed. Pyrazole derivatives decreased apoptosis by modulating the levels of pro and anti-apoptotic genes by reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via mitochondrial damage, which was observed in the EMR exposed PCNs. The pyrazole compounds were found to have antioxidative and anti-apoptotic properties. Thus, the neuroprotective mechanisms of the pyrazole derivatives can be investigated further, which may make them appropriate as lead compounds in developing neuroprotective formulations.
Excessive usage of gadgets Emitting Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR), especially smartphones, by people of all age groups, and so forth chronic exposure to the radiation, were indeed sounding the alarm about a multitude of health risks. The nervous system was significantly affected, altering the brain and behavior of people and animals. Many preclinical experimental studies have been performed to uncover the pathways that lead to injury, but the results have been contradictory. A strategic search was conducted to identify studies published between 2011 and 2020, using electronic databases such as PubMed and Science Direct. Based on predefined criteria, studies were identified for study and assessed individually. All of the included studies were assessed for the risk of bias, and no study was found to be free of bias. In preclinical research, heterogenicity was detected in the exposure settings (EMF-RF type, MW, pulsed, SAR value, and length of exposure) after a thorough assessment of the studies included. Exposure to mobile phone radiation can produce oxidative stress, which can lead to the activation of apoptotic and necrotic pathways if not reversed in time. The available scientific literature is insufficient to draw particular conclusions, but the possibility of harmful impacts cannot be ruled out, according to the authors. There is a great need to restrict extensive investigations and instead conduct a systematic and complete blinded study with significant reproducibility and long-term research. This review intended to explain the potential mechanisms and risks associated with mobile phone radiation exposure.
Hispolon, a polyphenolic yellow pigment isolated from Chinese mushrooms which was synthesized by researchers and its derivatives such as monomethyl ether, pyrazole and monomethyl ether pyrazole were evaluated for their chemical stability in cell culture medium, antioxidant effect in Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) radioprotection in spleen lymphocytes. The results indicate that pyrazole derivatives were more chemically stable in cell culture medium. Further, pretreatment with hispolon and its derivatives in CHO cells showed significant inhibition in the radiation induced Reactive oxygen species (ROS) by pyrazole derivative of hispolon. Similarly, the treatment in the splenic lymphocytes showed no significant expression of antioxidant genes such as γGCL and HO-1, and also no significant radioprotection in the markers like fragmentation of DNA, and pre G1 gated cells. This may be because of the primary nature of lymphocytes with limited life span. In MMP assay hispolon pyrazole and monomethyl ether showed a significant rise indicates that these compounds are protecting through inhibition of radiation induced mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, in line with the previous studies, the pyrazole derivatives of hispolon and hispolon monomethyl ether shows antioxidant and radioprotection.
Background Rhus toxicodendron is a homoeopathic medicine introduced into the homoeopathic system by Hahnemann in 1816, and ever since, it has been used to relieve arthritis, rheumatism and skin disorders. Aim This review aimed to search the literature for the phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of homeopathic medicine Rhus tox. The assembled data of Rhus tox could be beneficial in helping researchers concentrate on the most pivotal aspects that still need to be examined. Discussion In the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India, Toxicodendron pubescens P. Mill (Atlantic poison oak) and Toxicodendron radicans (poison ivy) have been mentioned as synonyms of Rhus toxicodendron Linn. The allergic contact dermatitis caused by touching the leaves of the Toxicodendron plants is believed to give the plant its specific name. Available literature illustrated the medicinal and pharmacological potential against various inflammatory diseases, including arthritis, showing immunomodulatory and anti-neoplastic activity. Conclusion There is a need to establish evidence for the activities mentioned in the literature. The detailed knowledge regarding the mechanism of Rhus toxicodendron Linn. would help the scientific community understand the field of homeopathic medicine more closely.
The enormous advancement of technology in communication systems and vast growth in the utilization of mobile phones alarms the effects of over exposure to radiations emitted from mobile phones. This study investigated the effect of Hispolon (HIS), a biologically active polyphenol compound isolated from Inonotus hispidus and its derivates such as hispolon pyrazole (HP), hispolon mono methyl ether (HME), and hispolon monomethyl ether pyrazole (HMEP) against the deleterious effects of mobile phone radiation on primary cultured cortical neurons. Cortical neuronal cells were isolated form a day-old neonate rats, cultured, and treated with HIS and its derivatives while exposed to mobile phone (2100 MHz, 1.6 W/Kg SAR) on call answered mode for 2 hrs. Post exposure the cells were analysed for cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), apoptosis using propidium iodide (PI) assay through flowcytometry, genotoxicity through DNA ladder assay, and gene expression analysis of p53, Bcl2, and Bax. The cytotoxicity analysis indicated that pyrazole derivatives were less toxic among the treated compounds. Pyrazole derivatives such as HP and HMEP significantly decrease radiation induced ROS levels in the cells, reduced MMP, apoptosis, and DNA damage effectively, while they didn’t alter gene expression of p53, Bcl2, and Bax. From the results, it can be concluded that the antioxidative and anti-apoptotic activity of the pyrazole derivatives might be attributed to the phenolic and diketo groups present in them. Hence the pyrazole derivatives can be further evaluated their pathway of neuroprotection which may gain importance as lead molecules in the development of neuroprotective formulations.
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