Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) is normally expressed in the human immune system and plays a critical role in antitumor immunity. TRAIL interacts with the death receptors, DR4 and DR5, and activates intracellular apoptotic pathway in cancer cells. This discovery has resulted in a rapid development of cancer therapeutic agents that can activate this apoptotic pathway. These therapeutic agents include recombinant human TRAIL (rhTRAIL) and its agonistic monoclonal antibody (MAb) against DR4 and DR5. Phase I trials have established the safety and tolerability of these TRAIL agonists in patients. Phase II trials are currently evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of TRAIL agonists as single agents or in combination with established cancer therapeutics. This review outlines the advances and the challenges in the development of these TRAIL agonists as effective clinical cancer therapeutics.
Although potential risks of MR imaging in patients undergoing DBS may be linked to excessive heating, induced electrical currents, disruption of the normal operation of the device, and/or magnetic field interactions, MR imaging can be performed safely in these patients and provides useful information on DBS lead location to inform patient-specific programming and practice-based learning.
SCA patients were younger, but exhibited similar postoperative tumor regrowth rates as ACTH-negative macroadenomas while using a similar adjuvant radiation protocol. Long-term follow-up is warranted because predictors of regrowth are currently lacking.
Background:Teratocarcinosarcoma (TCS) is a rare malignant neoplasm with epithelial and mesenchymal components such as fibroblasts, cartilage, bone and smooth muscle. With less than 100 total reported cases, this malignant neoplasm is rarely encountered by neurosurgeons because it primarily involves the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.Case Description:A 55-year-old male with chronic frontal headaches was found to have a frontal mass with involvement of nasal sinus and right ethmoid sinus. The patient underwent preoperative embolization of tumor followed by bilateral frontal craniotomy for near total resection of the tumor. Patient did well postoperatively without new neurological deficits.Conclusion:Although cases with intracranial involvement are scarce, treatment with surgical resection with or without adjuvant treatments of chemotherapy and radiation therapy is the most widely accepted with goal for gross total resection. In our case, we achieved near total resection and the patient continues to do well without any gross neurological deficits.
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