This study confirms the superiority of ACTH-stimulated 21DF, when compared to 17OHP, both measured by LC-MS/MS, in identifying carriers for 21OHD. Serum 21DF is a useful tool in genetic counselling to screen carriers among relatives in families with affected subjects, giving support to molecular results.

To recognize patients with 21- and/or 11betaOHD, we recommend evaluation of 17OHP or 21DF and S. Also, 21DF may be useful to follow up pubertal patients with 21OHD. Because 1% of patients with alleged 21OHD may have 11betaOHD, its frequency seems underestimated, as per our experience in a Brazilian population.

RESUMO Objetivo:Compreender significados e pensamentos de um grupo de pais, pacientes e médicos sobre a hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) e analisar angústias, dúvidas e ansiedades. Méto-dos: Foram selecionados 21 sujeitos: 7 especialistas de cinco instituições do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), 9 familiares e 6 pacientes com HAC, seguindo padrões da pesquisa qualitativa. Neste artigo, apresentaram-se três categorias: "doença e tratamento" , "dúvidas e angústias" e "relacionamentos. " Resultados: As principais angústias dos pais relacionam-se à indefinição sexual ao nascimento. Para pacientes, a angústia maior relaciona-se ao sentimento de solidão ao lidar com a doença e seu tratamento, enquanto médicos mostram-se inconformados com a passividade dos pais/pacientes. Conclusões: A passividade de pacientes/familiares nas consultas deve ser avaliada com cautela, pois a dinâmica do ambulatório dos hospitais-escola tem efeito neste comportamento: os médicos não conversam abertamente com os pais, enquanto estes não conversam com seus filhos, que, por sua vez, poupam os pais de mais sofrimento. Constatou-se dificuldade de comunicação entre esses vários sujeitos. Essas observações permitem sugerir que uma medida especial de atenção a esses pacientes deva ser construída.Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2009;53(9):1112-24 Descritores Hiperplasia adrenal congênita; anomalias de diferenciação sexual; tratamento; psicologia; psicanálise AbStRAct Objective: To understand the meanings/thoughts of a group of parents, patients and physicians regarding congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and to evaluate their anguishes, doubts and anxieties. Methods: We selected 21 subjects: 7 pediatric endocrinologists from five Brazilian Public Health System institutions, 9 parents and 6 patients with CAH, according to the qualitative research model. Three of the studied categories are presented: "disease and treatment" , "doubts and anguishes" and "relationships. " Results: Parents' main anguishes relate to the situation of an unnamed sex at birth. A sense of loneliness when dealing with the disease is the major anguish among patients, whereas physicians show hopelessness with the passivity parents and patients. Conclusions: The apparent submissiveness of patients/parents during consultations must be evaluated cautiously. University Hospitals outpatient clinic dynamics have a direct effect on this behavior: physicians do not talk openly with parents who in turn do not talk with their children, whereas patients chose to protect their parents from additional suffering. Thus, some miscommunication is noticeable among these subjects. These observations suggest that a special mindful measure should be built for these patients.

ResumoObjetivo: Identificar questões relacionadas à definição e redesignação sexual e à cirurgia corretiva em pacientes com hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) e compreender a inserção do psicólogo no seu atendimento. Métodos: Selecionaram-se 21 sujeitos: 7 especialistas de cinco instituições do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), 9 familiares e 6 pacientes com HAC, seguindose padrões da pesquisa qualitativa. Neste artigo, analisaram-se três das categorias estudadas: "definição e redesignação sexual" , "cirurgia e dilatação" e "psicologia" . Resultados: A situação de indefinição sexual é a que mais angustia os pais, enquanto a redesignação inquieta mais os médicos. A sensação de isolamento para lidar com a doença e tratamento foi comum nas pacientes; os procedimentos de dilatação foram sua principal queixa. Os médicos acham que a cirurgia deve ser feita com brevidade para evitar traumas posteriores. Conclusões: Diante de questões psicológicas complexas, chama a atenção o fato de que nem todo serviço de atendimento especializado conta com a presença de um psicólogo. Os exames de dilatação causam traumas nas pacientes. No grupo estudado, constataram-se dificuldades para lidar com as questões relacionadas à sexualidade. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2009;53(9):1125-36 Descritores Hiperplasia adrenal congênita; anomalias de diferenciação sexual; definição sexual; redesignação sexual; cirurgia reconstrutiva; psicologia; psicanálise AbstRAct Objective: To identify relevant questions related to sex definition and re-designation and reconstructive surgery in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and to understand the role of the psychologist in providing care for these patients. Methods: We selected 21 subjects: 7 pediatric endocrinologists from 5 Brazilian Public Health System institutions, 9 parents and 6 patients with CAH, according to a qualitative research model. In this paper, 3 of the studied categories are analyzed: "sex definition and re-designation" , "reconstructive surgery/ vaginal dilation" , and "psychology" . Results: Parents' main anguish relates to the situation of an unnamed sex at birth, whereas sex re-designation was distressful to physicians. A sense of loneliness when dealing with the disease and treatment was a common anguish among patients; dilation procedures were the major complaint. In general, physicians recommend that genital reconstructive surgery be performed early on to avoid future trauma. Conclusions: In such a complex scenario, it is remarkable that not all the reference service staff have a psychologist on duty. Difficulties to deal with questions involving sexuality were evident and dilation procedures are an additional source of trauma for these patients.

Diabetes mellitus with resistance to insulin administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly (DRIASM) is a rare syndrome and is usually treated with continuous intravenous insulin infusion. We present here two cases of DRIASM in 16 and 18 years female patients that were submitted to pancreas transplantation alone (PTA). Both were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes as young children and had labile glycemic control with recurrent episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. They had prolonged periods of hospitalization and complications related to their central venous access. Exocrine and endocrine drainages were in the bladder and systemic, respectively. Both presented immediate graft function. In patient 1, enteric conversion was necessary due to reflux pancreatitis. Patient 2 developed mild postoperative hyperglycemia in spite of having normal pancreas allograft biopsy and that was attributed to her immunosuppressive regimen. Patient 1 died 9 months after PTA from septic shock related to pneumonia. In 8 months of follow-up, Patient 2 presented optimal glycemic control without the use of antidiabetic agents. In conclusion, PTA may be an alternative treatment for DRIASM patients.

21-Hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) is the commonest form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, while 11betaOHD represents 5% of cases. Although both result from mutations in distinct genes, cases of 'apparent' combined 21OHD and 11betaOHD (AC21,11OHD) have been occasionally reported. A 6 year-old girl, born with ambiguous genitalia and salt-loss, had serum elevations (ng/dl) of androstenedione (>1,000), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP; 38,483), 21-deoxycortisol (21DF; 23,338), and 11-deoxycortisol (S; 4,928), suggesting AC21,11OHD. CYP21A and CYP11B1 genotyping identified mutations only in the former. On follow-up, serum S became normal but 17OHP and 21DF were still elevated. ACTH stimulation disclosed elevated levels of 17OHP and 21DF, but unresponsive S and undetectable deoxycorticosterone. The hormonal pattern initially suggested AC21,11OHD, but subsequent normalization of S showed transient 11-hydroxylase inhibition. This may have occurred by enzyme or co-enzyme immaturity or functional discrepancy, but also by selective inhibition of 11betaOH by excess intra-adrenal concentration of androgens, acting as pseudo-substrates for this enzyme.

O 21-deoxicortisol (21DF) sérico tem sido considerado um excelente marcador para o diagnóstico da hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) por deficiência de 21-hidroxilase (D21OH). Embora vários métodos de radioimunoensaio (RIE) tenham sido descritos para 21DF, nenhum deles está disponível comercialmente. Desenvolvemos um RIE adaptado para a dosagem de 21DF, com extração prévia das amostras com éter e separação por cromatografia líquida (HPLC). O ensaio foi aplicado para a avaliação de crianças portadoras da forma clássica de D21OH (15F/10M) e um grupo controle (5F/8M). O anticorpo obtido, associado à eficiência da separação por HPLC, viabilizou o emprego do cortisol triciado neste RIE. Enquanto nos pacientes os níveis de cortisol estavam reduzidos (48h após suspensão do tratamento) em comparação com o grupo controle (2,1±2,1 vs. 16,2±7,0mig/dl), os valores do 21DF sérico estavam bastante elevados (1.359±853ng/dl, variando de 434 a 3.079), embora consistentemente abaixo do limite de sensibilidade (156ng/dl) no grupo controle. O presente método, mesmo destituído de sensibilidade para aplicação em indivíduos normais, permite a quantificação deste esteróide em portadores de D21OH, com a sensibilidade e a especificidade necessárias para o diagnóstico e acompanhamento desta condição clínica.