Plasma spray nano-hydroxyapatite-coated titanium intramedullary implants doped either with 5% zinc, 2.5% strontium, and 2.5% fluorine ions or with 5% zinc, 5% strontium, and 2.5% silver ions were evaluated compared with plasma spray nano-hydroxyapatite-coated titanium intramedullary implant and uncoated titanium intramedullary implants for open reduction and internal immobilization in 24 clinical cases of long bone fracture repair in dogs. Fracture-healing limb outcome was evaluated clinically, that is, radiographically. Biochemical estimation of serum calcium, serum phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bone markers (bone ALP [BALP] and C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen [CTX]) was carried out on 0th day, 3rd week, 6th, and 9th week postoperatively. Multi-ion-doped plasma spray nano-hydroxyapatite-coated titanium intramedullary implants were found to be superior to plasma spray nano-hydroxyapatite-coated titanium intramedullary implants and uncoated titanium intramedullary implants in terms of all the parameters studied. Using plasma spray nano-hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants doped with multi ions, that is, 5% zinc, 5% strontium, and 2.5% silver gave the best results in fracture repair followed by the implants doped with 5% zinc, 2.5% strontium, and 2.5% fluorine ions. Earliest and excellent limb usage with no postoperative complications was the hallmark of the use of these multi-ion-doped implants with higher serum calcium, serum phosphorus, ALP, BALP, and CTX values up to 3rd postoperative week and no lameness on the 21st day. K E Y W O R D S coated titanium intramedullary pins, dogs, long bone fracture repair, multi-ion-doped, nanohydroxyapatite 1 | INTRODUCTION Fracture of long bones is a common orthopedic condition in dogs. The intramedullary pinning is a simple and economic method of immobilization of the diaphyseal fractures. 1 The materials used for orthopedic implants should possess excellent biocompatibility without cytotoxicity, superior corrosion resistance in the body environment, excellent combination of high strength and low modulus, high fatigue and wear resistance, and high ductility. Stainless steel, cobalt, chromium alloys, and titanium-based alloys are currently used for orthopedic implants, and these materials exhibit a tendency to fail after long-term use due to various reasons such as high modulus compared to that of bone, low wear, corrosive resistance, and lack of biocompatibility necessitating the development of appropriate materials with high longevity and excellent biocompatibility. 2 Titanium and its alloys are preferred for load-bearing orthopedic implants due to the superior corrosion resistance as well as fatigue
Currently, Dr. Barger is a Professor Emeritus of Management at Tennessee Technological University. She has diverse domestic and international operations experience in both for-profit and non-profit organizations. Demonstrated ability to conceptualize and implement effective strategic human resource management plans that further broaden corporate objectives. Strong personal initiative, effective leadership skills, ability to influence others, proven collaborative style, and adaptability to various situations. Her research interests include creating global leaders and developing organizational talent. The authors strongly believe in experiential learning. Traveling, experiencing, and exploring other cultures helps students grow personally and professionally. It is one of the most in-depth learning experiences to immerse oneself in a new culture and customs in a whole new country. Students had the opportunity to learn by solving real-world industrial problems in a practical business model setting. They grasped how to bring products and services to market, and how to start their own company to market and sell product ideas. They understood how to be an entrepreneur in a small company, or how to lead successful entrepreneurial projects in a large company. They have learned subjects such as engineering economy, quality control, supplychain management, ergonomics, marketing, and operations control from course professors, young entrepreneurs, and industry visits.The course has been offered by one business management faculty and one manufacturing engineering technology faculty. There were five engineering and seven MBA students. The course had a number of teaching-with-technology tools, including Turnitin, Desire2Learn, and Podcasts. The evaluation component was the university approved IDEA evaluation. This paper will report the development, implementation, and evaluation components of this course and its best practices.
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