In order to design and to adapt equipments for food processing, it is essential to know thermophysical properties. Once temperature and composition affects these properties, models based in such factors are important for further calculation. In this work, density and dynamic viscosity of bovine milk, probably the most processed food fluid in the world, were determined within large ranges of temperature and major constituents (moisture, fat, lactose, protein and minerals), based on typical processing values. Density varied from (962.01 to 1100.45) kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity varied from (0.60 to 63.70) mPa∙s. Temperature and moisture content negatively affected both properties, while lactose, protein and minerals contents positively affected them. An increase in fat content reduced density and increased dynamic viscosity. Experimental density data were fitted to the simplest multiple linear model and dynamic viscosity data were fitted to a multiple type Arrehnius’ model, obtaining good agreement.
Liquid–liquid
equilibrium data of aqueous two phase systems
(ATPS) composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1500 g·mol–1 + sodium sulfate + water at T = (293.15, 303.15
and 313.15) K and p = 0.1 MPa were determined. The
density of the top and bottom phases of tie-lines (TL) was determined.
The universal functional activity coefficient (UNIFAC) model was correlated
to the experimental tie-line data, and the root-mean-square deviations
(RMSD) between experimental and calculated data were considered in
the calculation. The salting-out effect was evaluated using the model
of the effective volume (EEV). The temperature had no influence on
the binodal curves and TL, this effect can be attributed to a small
enthalpic contribution in the phase separation process. Increases
in the ATPS constituents concentrations resulting in an increase in
the density of the phases. The increase in temperature resulted in
an increase in the salting-out effect. The highest estimated value
of EEV was obtained for a system at 293.15 K. Calculated RMSD between
the experimental and predicted LLE compositions for the PEG 1500 +
sodium sulfate systems was 1.71%. The results of the UNIFAC model
agree with the experimental tie-line values. The use of this thermodynamic
model allowed the acquisition of reliable data for the system, being
able to reduce the number of experiments performed.
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