A recuperação de diferentes ecossistemas degradados demanda pesquisas com espécies florestais nativas que possam subsidiar programas de recuperação florestal. A produção de mudas com espécies arbóreas nativas em associação com os microrganismos do solo é uma importante técnica para a reabilitação desses ambientes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) e nutrição fosfatada sobre o crescimento e conteúdos nutricionais de mudas de paricá [Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby)]. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação por um período de 75 dias, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, inoculação com os FMAs: Rhizophagus clarus, Gigaspora margarita, inóculo misto (Rhizophagus clarus + Gigaspora margarita) e controle (sem FMAs); quatro doses de P: 0, 60, 120 e 180 mg dm-3 de solo, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis altura, matéria seca da parte área (MSPA), matéria seca da raiz (MSR), área foliar (AF), diâmetro do coleto (DC) e os conteúdos de N, P, K, Ca e Mg na parte aérea. As mudas de paricá apresentaram maior porcentagem de colonização para Rhizophagus clarus e o inóculo misto (80 e 90%, respectivamente), diferentemente do observado para a espécie Gigaspora margarita, com menor porcentagem (20%). O Rhizophagus clarus e o inóculo misto, na ausência de P, propiciaram incremento para as variáveis de crescimento em relação ao controle. Os conteúdos de N, P, Ca e Mg foram influenciados pelos FMAs e pelas doses de P.
Growth and yield of marigold flowers in response to mycorrhizal inoculation and phosphorusAn experiment was carried out at greenhouse conditions in order to evaluate the effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus on growth and production of capitula of marigold (Calendula officinalis) plants. Inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita and control (without fungus), as well as phosphate fertilization (50 mg/dm 3 ) or no fertilization were made. The experiment design was a randomized complete block, in a 3x2 factorial scheme, with four replications. In soils without addition of phosphate fertilizers, the inoculation of marigold plants with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Gigaspora margarita resulted in higher plants (27.9 cm), with higher dry weight of the aboveground part (4.22 g/plant) and roots, more units of flowering capitula (16.5) and higher dry mass of flowering capitula (0.51 g/capitula) compared to non-mycorrhizal plants (19.8 cm, 3.49 g/plant, 7.0 and 0.22 g/capitula, respectively).
Hevea guianensis is a species of rubber tree native to the Amazon rainforest. This tree is highly exploited for latex extraction but is not cultivated. Therefore, few studies have investigated its microbiota. The aim of this study was to analyze the diversity of endophytic fungi in the leaves, stems and roots of H. guianensis trees from the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 92 fungi were isolated from different tissues of this plant species. These isolates were grouped into 28 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The dominant phylum was Ascomycota (96.73%). The stem cortex showed the greatest fungal richness and diversity, although the frequency of isolates was highest in the leaves. The fungal isolates of leaves were highly heterogeneous than those of stem and roots. Colletotrichum was the most wellrepresented and abundant genera in the leaves; Diaporthe was the second most abundant genus in the leaves; Penicillium was the main genus obtained from the roots; the genera Lasiodiplodia, Purpureocillium, Phyllosticta, Daldinia and Pseudofusicoccum were recovered only from the leaves; whereas the genera Trichoderma and Fusarium were isolated from the stems and roots of H. guianensis. Thus, we describe the endophytic fungi of H. guianensis of great biotechnological interest, such as Trichoderma.
Fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma have been widely recognized as efficient controllers of plant diseases. Although the majority of isolates currently deployed, thus far, have been isolated from soil, endophytic Trichoderma spp. is considered to be a promising option for application in biocontrol. In this study, 30 endophytic Trichoderma isolates—obtained from the leaves, stems, and roots of wild Hevea spp. in the Brazilian Amazon—were analyzed using specific DNA barcodes: sequences of internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 of rDNA (ITS region), genes encoding translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1-α), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). The genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) concept was used for species delimitation. A phylogenetic analysis showed the occurrence of Trichoderma species, such as T. erinaceum, T. ovalisporum, T. koningiopsis, T. sparsum, T. lentiforme, T. virens, and T. spirale. Molecular and morphological features resulted in the discovery of four new species, such as T. acreanum sp. nov., T. ararianum sp. nov., T. heveae sp. nov., and T. brasiliensis sp. nov. The BI and ML analyses shared a similar topology, providing high support to the final trees. The phylograms show three distinct subclades, namely, T. acreanum and T. ararianum being paraphyletic with T. koningiopsis; T. heveae with T. subviride; and T. brasiliensis with T. brevicompactum. This study adds to our knowledge of the diversity of endophytic Trichoderma species in Neotropical forests and reveals new potential biocontrol agents for the management of plant diseases.
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