Brazil is considered the world's granary, as consequence there is the use of the use of some agricultural inputs as agrochemicals and veterinary pharmaceuticals. These compounds may represent a risk to the environment and so to the soil. This review presents an overview of the scientific research on agrochemicals and veterinary pharmaceuticals products conducted in Brazil, especially regarding to soil ecotoxicology as a tool for soil conservation. Currently there are 3149 documents available in the Scopus Database using the keywords "soil ecotoxicology" where Brazil represents around 4%. Concerning the publications on soil ecotoxicology in Latin America Brazil has been publishing the most. Regarding the agrochemicals, Brazil is ranking the 8 th place with 69 documents of 1190. About the veterinary pharmaceuticals, Brazil is ranking the 11 th place, where the 1st publication was 21
The use of alternative pesticides has as main function to maximize agricultural production with little or no environmental impact. However, due to the lack of studies and repeated application in certain cultures it is important to check whether there are adverse effects on non-target soil organisms. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Neem oil and Bordeaux mixture on survival and reproduction Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida. The tests followed the relevant standards, where the pesticides are applied separately in tropical artificial soil, the tested doses 0, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5%, corresponding to concentrations of 0.41, 0.69, 1.38, 4.15 and 6.91 mg g -1 soil. Effects on the organisms survival were only observed at doses equal to or higher than 3%. However, doses equal to or less than recommended (1%) had negative effects on reproduction. These results have a potential impact of Neem oil and Bordeaux mixture on non-target soil organisms, which must be proven with field studies.Key words: organic agriculture; alternative defensive; terrestrial ecotoxicology Potencial ecotoxicológico da calda bordalesa e óleo de Neem sobre organismos não-alvo do solo RESUMO O uso de defensivos alternativos tem como principais funções a maximização da produção agrícola com baixos impactos ecológicos, contudo é importante comprovar se há efeitos adversos sobre organismos não-alvo do solo. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do óleo Neem e da calda Bordalesa sobre a sobrevivência e reprodução de Enchytraeus crypticus e Folsomia candida. Os ensaios seguiram as normas da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, onde os defensivos foram aplicados separadamente em solo artificial tropical, nas doses 0, 0,3, 0,5, 1, 3 e 5%, que correspondem a concentração de 0,41, 0,69, 1,38, 4,15 e 6,91 mg g -1 no solo. Os efeitos na sobrevivência dos organismos foram observados apenas em doses iguais ou superiores a 3%. Entretanto, doses iguais ou inferiores a recomendada (1%) apresentaram efeitos negativos na reprodução de ambos organismos. Estes resultados apresentam um potencial impacto do óleo Neem e da calda Bordalesa sobre organismos não-alvo do solo, o que deve ser comprovado com estudos realizados no campo.
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