Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (body mass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use.
Introduction:The chemical diversity of plants plays an essential role in the development of new drugs. However, new bioactive compound identification and isolation are challenging due to the complexity and time-consuming nature of the traditional process. Recently, alternative strategies have become popular, such as the statistical approach to correlate compounds with biological activities, overcoming bottlenecks in bioactive natural product research.Objective: We aimed to determine bioactive compounds against resistant human melanoma cells from leaves of Aspidosperma subincanum, Copaifera langsdorffii, Coussarea hydrangeifolia, Guarea guidonea and Tapirira guianensis, using a metabolomics approach. Material and Methods:The extracts and fractions were obtained by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and tested against resistant melanoma cells SK-MEL-28 and SK-MEL-103. Chemical analysis was performed by high-performance diode array detector tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). Chemical and biological data were analysed through univariate and multivariate analysis. Results:The species present high chemical diversity, including indole alkaloids, glycosylated flavonoids, galloylquinic acid derivatives, cinnamic acid derivatives, and terpenes. The ASE fractionation separated the compounds according to the physicochemical properties; only C. langsdorffii and T. guianensis extracts were active.Both results from the chemical profile and the biological assay were treated using a metabolomics approach to identify the contribution of different classes of secondary metabolites in the viability of human melanoma cells. The analyses showed the metabolites from C. langsdorffii and T. guianensis, such as polyphenols and terpenes, were the main compounds correlated with the biological response. Conclusion:These findings afford alternative pathways that are trustworthy and less time-consuming to identify new bioactive compounds against multidrug-resistant human melanoma cells.
Estudos florísticos e estruturais fornecem informações que auxiliam na definição de estratégias para a conservação da biodiversidade. O presente estudo objetivou registrar a estrutura de um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual localizado em área de transição Cerrado-Pantanal na Serra de Maracaju, sendo esta considerada prioritária como corredor da biodiversidade no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Foram instaladas 80 parcelas de 10 x 10 m cada, em diferentes cotas altitudinais (200 a 300 metros) e as plantas lenhosas com circunferência a altura do peito (CAP) ≥ 10 cm foram amostradas, totalizando 1386 indivíduos pertencentes a 35 famílias e 94 espécies. O fragmento apresentou alta densidade (1734 ind ha), altos valores de área basal total (21.6 m 2 ha) e alto índice de diversidade (3.7 nats ind). Os valores de diversidade e equabilidade (0.81), indicaram alta heterogeneidade e baixa dominância ecológica. As espécies mais importantes foram Protium heptaphyllum, Coussarea hydrangeifolia e Tapirira guianensis, enquanto as famílias mais abundantes foram Rubiaceae, Burseraceae e Fabaceae.
Ecótono Cerrado Pantanal: meio ambiente e história natural está licenciado sob CC BY 4.0.Esta licença exige que as reutilizações deem créditos aos criadores. Ele permite que os reutilizadores distribuam, remixem, adaptem e construam o material em qualquer meio ou formato, mesmo para fins comerciais. O conteúdo da obra e seus dados em sua forma, correção e confiabilidade são de responsabilidade exclusiva dos autores, não representando a posição oficial da Editora Amplla. É permitido o download da obra e o compartilhamento desde que sejam atribuídos créditos aos autores. Todos os direitos para esta edição foram cedidos à Editora Amplla.
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