Identification of proteins by tandem mass spectrometry requires a database of the proteins that could be in the sample. This is available for model species (e.g. humans) but not for non-model species. Ideally, for a non-model species the sequencing of expressed mRNA would generate a protein database for mass spectrometry based identification, allowing detection of genes and proteins using high throughput sequencing and protein identification technologies. Here we use human cells infected with human adenovirus as a complex and dynamic model to demonstrate this approach is robust. Our Proteomics Informed by Transcriptomics technique identifies >99% of over 3700 distinct proteins identified using traditional analysis reliant on comprehensive human and adenovirus protein lists. This facilitates high throughput acquisition of direct evidence for transcripts and proteins in non-model species. Critically, we show this approach can also be used to highlight genes and proteins undergoing dynamic changes in post transcriptional protein stability.

Climate change can be addressed by mitigation (reducing the sources or enhancing the sinks of greenhouse gases) and adaptation (reducing the impacts of climate change). Mitigation and adaptation present two fundamentally dissimilar approaches whose differences are now well documented. Forest ecosystems play an important role in both adaptation and mitigation and there is a need to explore the linkages between these two options in order to understand their trade-offs and synergies. In forests, potential trade-offs can be observed between global ecosystem services, such as the carbon sequestration relevant for mitigation, and the local ecosystem services that are relevant for adaptation. In addition, mitigation projects can facilitate or hinder the adaptation of local people to climate change, whereas adaptation projects can affect ecosystems and their potential to sequester carbon. Linkages between adaptation and mitigation can also be observed in policies, but few climate change or forest policies have addressed these linkages in the forestry sector. This paper presents examples of linkages between adaptation and mitigation in Latin American forests. Through case studies, we investigate the approaches and reasons for integrating adaptation into mitigation projects or mitigation into OPEN ACCESSForests 2011, 2 432adaptation projects. We also analyze the opportunities for mainstreaming adaptation-mitigation linkages into forest or climate change policies.

The limited evidence base suggests that neurocognitive functioning appears to be broadly associated with functional impairment in individuals with MDD, but the quality of evidence is weak. Further studies to clarify the relationship(s) between neurocognitive and psychosocial functioning in MDD will benefit from larger and more homogeneous samples, prospective designs with multivariate analyses, and use of comprehensive assessments of psychosocial functioning that are validated in depressed populations.

Adenoviruses replicate primarily in the host cell nucleus, and it is well established that adenovirus infection affects the structure and function of host cell nucleoli in addition to coding for a number of nucleolar targeted viral proteins. Here we used unbiased proteomics methods, including high throughput mass spectrometry coupled with stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and traditional two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, to identify quantitative changes in the protein composition of the nucleolus during adenovirus infection. Two-dimensional gel analysis revealed changes in six proteins. By contrast, SILAC-based approaches identified 351 proteins with 24 proteins showing at least a 2-fold change after infection. Of those, four were previously reported to have aberrant localization and/or functional relevance during adenovirus infection. In total, 15 proteins identified as changing in amount by proteomics methods were examined in infected cells using confocal microscopy. Eleven of these proteins showed altered patterns of localization in adenovirus-infected cells. Comparing our data with the effects of actinomycin D on the nucleolar proteome revealed that adenovirus infection apparently specifically targets a relatively small subset of nucleolar antigens at the time point examined.

Much has been written about digital television. Mainstream reports range from a vague televisual utopia where one need never unplug oneself from the TV ever again to the social realities and practicalities of a consumer driven market. This study examines how the media constructs the meaning of digital television in Britain, the United States and Australia. Rogers ' (1983, 1995) diffusion of innovation theory to assess the rate of diffusion the role that media communication (language) plays in this process. It uses a content analysis methodology to examine 1836 digital television articles, drawn from mainstream newspaper publications from 1996 to January 2002. Results from the analysis show a correlation between the extent of media coverage; the media's strategic, flexible and timed use of technological determinism-social construction language structures; and the degree and success of the diffusion of digital television in these research settings.