Background:The global economic burden of Diabetes mellitus (DM) is expected to reach US$ 745 billion in 2030. The growing prevalence of the disease, mainly type 2 diabetes, is the result of population aging, nutritional transition, which include growing rates of obesity and consumption of foods high in sugar and fat. Brazil is the fourth country in the number of patients with diabetes globally and follows the global trends, with a continuous increase in prevalence.Objectives: To estimate the economic burden of DM in Brazil, including all direct and indirect costs. Methods:We used a cost-of-illness approach to calculate the total economic burden of DM. We used official healthcare-related statistics referring to 2016. Findings:We estimated the Brazilian economic burden to reach US$ 2.15 billion in 2016, of which 70.6% are indirect costs related to premature deaths, absenteeism, and early retirement. We estimate that if the rate of growth of diabetes prevalence remains in Brazil, direct and indirect costs of diabetes will more than double by 2030 (an increase of 133.4% or 6.2% per year). Conclusion:Our results are in accordance with the literature that shows that indirect costs are more relevant in low-and middle-income countries due to poorer access to health care, which result in higher mortality rates from non-communicable diseases. However, due to the potentially underestimated prevalence of diabetes in Brazil and the lack of access to nationwide private healthcare costs, we estimate costs of diabetes in Brazil to be higher than the conservative results we found. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to result in even greater costs than what we estimated.
Ao longo desses anos foram muitos os amigos, familiares e professores que, por ações ou palavras, tiveram de alguma forma papel decisivo na conclusão desse trabalho.Um doutorado é um trabalho individual que requer muito esforço, paciência e dedicação, mas quando concluído após os 40 anos, requer também uma grande dose de apoio coletivo.E isso, posso dizer, tive de sobra. Em particular, gostaria de agradecer ao apoio da minha orientadora, Profa. Dolores, sem o qual esse trabalho teria naufragado já nas primeiras tormentas. Edelcio, meu grande amor, por toda energia e fé que tinha em mim, em momentos que eu já havia sucumbido nas tempestades da rotina familiar e profissional.
O foco deste trabalho consiste na avaliação da análise elaborada pelos economistas defensores da estratégia desenvolvimentista II PND, durante sua implementação. A adoção desta estratégia desenvolvimentista, em um ambiente de grave instabilidade econômica, gerou naquele momento um amplo debate entre os economistas. Para os defensores da estratégia, o plano representava mais que o ajuste estrutural da economia para a crise do petróleo, estava inserido no projeto "Brasil Potência" e seria adotado independentemente da crise. Entre os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa, vale destacar a defesa pública do II PND, realizada por Simonsen, e a apologia que Campos fez das vantagens do regime político fechado, conduzido pela tecnocracia- desenvolvimentista, para a implementação de um plano intervencionista e estatizante.
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