In Section III of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013), a dimensional model of maladaptive personality traits is proposed. This model coexists with, and is an alternative to, the traditional categorical taxonomy and defines a personality trait as a tendency to feel, perceive, behave, and think in relatively consistent ways across time and across situations. Although consistent, traits may also change throughout one's life (APA, 2013).The DSM-5's new model consists of 25 lower order personality facets that are classified into five higher order domains: Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism. These five broad domains are maladaptive variants of the five domains of the extensively validated and replicated Five-Factor personality model known as the "Big Five": Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Lucidity (or Openness; Krueger, Derringer, Markon, Watson, & Skodol, 2012). Although the DSM-5 focuses on personality traits that are associated with psychopathology, which is the traditional interest of the DSM classification system, it also recognizes the existence of healthy polar opposites, that is, adaptive and resilient personality traits, which are usually assessed by "normal" personality inventories (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).The Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) was developed to assess the maladaptive personality traits proposed in the DSM-5 (Krueger et al., 2012). There is an increasing body of research that supports the psychometric properties of the PID-5, with an internal consistency α >.70 for all of its dimensions. Evidence of the five-factorial structure has been found in student, community, and clinical samples (see Al-Dajani, Gralnick, and Bagby, 2016, for a review).

This study aimed to investigate the relationship among three potential protective factors: satisfaction with life, three routes to well-being and meaning in life, and eating disorder symptoms and body dissatisfaction in male and female adolescents. The sample was composed of 247 adolescent students aged 13 to 18 years. The findings of this study support the protective roles of satisfaction with life and engagement as routes to well-being in male adolescents and particularly in female adolescents. Positive interventions to promote satisfaction with life and engagement in activities in school are highly recommended.

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Cognitive models of bulimia nervosa have stressed the importance of self-beliefs in the maintenance of the disorder. However, new findings show a deeper and more general level of beliefs also to play a role in eating disorders. These beliefs are long-standing, absolute, and unconditional. In the present study, the relations between such core beliefs and specific cognitions regarding eating, shape, and weight were examined. The sample consisted of 75 bulimic outpatients who started treatment. The patients completed the Schema Questionnaire, the Eating Disorders Inventory-2, the SCL-90-R, and the Mizes Anorectic Cognitions Questionnaire at intake. Strong relations between some core beliefs and the specific cognitions regarding shape, weight, and eating were found. The modification of core beliefs appears to be a very important issue to incorporate into treatment.

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The Authentic Happiness Theory considers that well-being can be reached by three main pathways: a pleasant life, an engaged life, or a meaningful life. This study investigates the psychometric properties of the Three Pathways to Well-being scale in Argentinean adolescents and compares that to prior results for Argentinean adults. A sample of 255 Argentinean adolescent students (110 boys, 145 girls) aged between 13 and 18 years (M age = 15.5, SD = 1.6) was used in this study. The participants completed the Spanish versions of the Three Pathways to Well-being scale, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the Satisfaction With Life Scale, and the Personal Wellbeing Index. Confirmatory factor analyses verified the three-factor structure of the test, accounting for 46% of the variance. The internal consistencies were α = .76 for the pleasant life, α = .80 for the engaged life, and α = .70 for the meaningful life. Concurrent validity was examined with the Satisfaction With Life Scale, the Personal Wellbeing Index, and the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, and the engaged life was the pathway most strongly associated with the positive related measures.

Measurement of adolescent life satisfaction across cultures has not received much attention in previous empirical research. The present study evaluated measurement invariance of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) among adolescents in 24 countries and regions (N = 22,710; age range = 13–19 years; 53% female). A single-factor model with residual covariance between a pair of items tapping past life satisfaction fitted well in 19 countries and regions and showed a partial metric invariance. In a subset of nine countries and regions, partial scalar invariance was supported. Partial metric invariance across all 24 countries and regions was achieved when custom model modifications in five countries and regions were included. Three SWLS items showed evidence of noninvariance across cultures. The measurement model was found to operate similarly across gender and age. Our findings suggest that caution is needed when using the SWLS for measuring life satisfaction among adolescents from different cultures. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11482-021-10024-w.

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