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cement produces very soluble hydroxides that easily migrate from the cement to the ceramic brick. The reaction of these A study of the eVect of cement in the formation of hydroxides with the calcium sulphate (CaSO 4 ) present in eZorescence on the surface of ceramic building materthe brick produces alkali sulphates that migrate and crystalials was conducted. W icking tests were performed with lise on the material surface. Hydrated lime (Ca(OH) 2) is bricks covered with cement, and a test procedure, where also formed and produces calcium carbonate by cartemperature and water pressure applied to the samples bonation with CO 2 . could be controlled, has been developed. Salts formedIn order to evaluate the susceptibility to efflorescence of at brick surfaces consist of arcanite (K 2 SO 4). Results ceramic building materials -heavy clay material and morshow that salt deposition kinetics are enhanced by tars -some tests4,5 have been developed for bricks and higher test temperature and particularly by imposing mortar, based on humidification and drying of materials. It water pressure around the brick. A method to quantify is a difficult exercise since the parameters that influence the eZorescence was developed in order to avoid any process are numerous. Nevertheless, the tests are based on subjectivity in the assessment of the test results. Image the same principle: the material is humidified for a certain analysis oVers an alternative for quantification of this time, and the formation of efflorescence is observed after phenomenon. Study of eZorescence digital images lead drying. The humidification process can be carried out in to the definition of an eZorescence coeYcient. A set of different ways, the most common being immersion in water samples with low to high levels of eZorescence was (wicking test), or the presence of water on the upper face used and the results show a clear distinction between (percolating test), or conditioning in a humid atmosphere diVerent degrees of eZorescence. It is concluded that by imposing wet/dry cycles. this process is a valid one for quantifying the eZor-Studies undertaken until now have investigated the influescence phenomenon.BCT /420 ence of various parameters that contribute to the salt deposition process, especially in cements. For instance, L . Hennetier, J. V. Almeida, and A. M. S. Correia are recent studies have been made to understand the deposition in the Centro T ecnolo ´gico de Cera ˆmica e V idro, 3020 kinetics. For that purpose, some tests have been developed Coimbra, Portugal. V. M. Ferreira

Agradeço ao Prof. Titular Amilton Sinatora, pela orientação, amizade e confiança demonstrada durante todo este trabalho, além de transmitir sempre muito incentivo. Ao Dr. Humberto N. Yoshimura e ao Dr. Luis Antonio Genova, pelo companheirismo demonstrado ao longo deste trabalho e pelas proveitosas discussões e sugestões. À Dra. Ana Helena de A. Bressiani e ao Dr. José Carlos Bressiani, pela ajuda e compreensão nos momentos difíceis e principalmente pela ótima convivência do dia-a-dia. Ao Prof. Titular Deniol K. Tanaka, pelas divertidas discussões sobre vários assuntos, inclusive a água. Ao Prof. Roberto Martins de Souza, pelo incentivo e discussões. À Silene M. C. Silva, pela constante ajuda em tudo. Ao Prof. Daniel Hioki, pelo companheirismo no dia-a-dia e na noite-a-noite no laboratório. Ao Dr. Luis Gallego Martinez pelas "discussões cristalográficas" e incentivo. À Dra. Sonia R. H. de M. Castanho, pelas descontraídas discussões que muito acrescentaram a este trabalho. Ao Prof. Douglas Gouvea, pelas proveitosas discussões sobre suspensões cerâmicas. À Dra. Maria Cristina Moré Farias, pela amizade e companheirismo. Ao Doutorando Mário Vitor Leite, pelo companheirismo, ajuda constante, e a excelente convivência na noite-a-noite do laboratório. Ao Doutorando Cristian Arango Viafara, pela disposição de sempre ajudar. Ao Doutorando Abel André Candido Recco, pelo auxílio e descontração durante as análises de topografia em AFM. Ao Dr. Nelson B. de Lima, pelas análises de difração de raios X. Ao Dr. Marcio Gustavo Di V. Cuppari, pelas breves, mas proveitosas discussões. Ao Doutorando Walter K. Yoshito, pelas medidas de potencial zeta. Ao Leandro Justino de Paula, pelo auxílio nos ensaios de dureza instrumentada. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Prof. Titular Daniel de Melo Biasoli, pelo auxílio no projeto do dispositivo de fixação da esfera no tribômetro, e pela primeira esfera de nitreto de silício ensaiada.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in the public budgets in Santana de Parnaíba, during the years of 2013 and 2014.  The methodology used in this study started from the existing Laws, academic publications, followed by research on the electronic site. The analytical bases were those in the Transparency Index of Municipal Public Management (ITGP-M), followed by exploratory researches with the responsible for preparing the public budget.  The study reveals that in the year 2014 were proposed 31 Decrees, which the amounting of R$ 129 million in additional credits. The same happened in the year 2013, R$119 million. The Municipal Secretaries of Education and Health received together 70.52% of the funds. The justifications given by the responsible officers regarding these supplementary credits were not compatible with acts of good management, since the changes were occurred in the early months of each year, characterizing, at least, an inadequate planning. The evidence of inadequate practices, generate questions and send warning signals that is an indicative of monitoring the municipal budget.