Objective:To study the efficacy and safety of intrathecal neostigmine at dose of 50 μg and 150 μg as an adjuvant to bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia under spinal anesthesia.Materials and Methods:75 patients of either sex, belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II in the age group of 30-65 years scheduled to undergo lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries were allocated randomly into 3 groups of 25 each. Spinal anesthesia was administered in Group I (control group) with 12.5 mg (2.5 ml) of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, in Group II (50 μg group) with 12.5 mg (2.5 ml) of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and 50 μg (0.1 ml) of neostigmine methylsulphate and in Group III (150 μg group) with 12.5 mg (2.5 ml) of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and 150 μg (0.3 ml) of neostigmine methylsulphate. Hemodynamic parameters, onset and level of sensory block were recorded. Postoperative analgesic assessment was made in terms of total Visual Analogue Scale-Pain (VAS-P) scores in 24 hrs, duration of analgesia (time to requirement of first analgesic) and total number of rescue analgesic (diclofenac sodium 75 mg intramuscularly) consumption in 24 hours. Side effects were recorded.Results:The total VAS-P score in group I was 23.12 ± 3.21, which was higher than the VAS-P score in group II (18.4 ± 2.92) and group III (16.24 ± 1.85). The total duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged in neostigmine groups (224.40 ± 23.28 min in group I, 367.60 ± 42.15 min in group II and 625.60 ± 87.70 min in group III). In group I, the patients required 2.48 ± 0.51 number of analgesics in 24 hours, which was much higher than required in group II (1.92 ± 0.64) and group III (1.32 ± 0.47). The incidence of nausea and vomiting was more with 150 μg neostigmine group compared to 50 μg neostigmine.Conclusions:The administration of intrathecal neostigmine in dose of 50 μg as an adjuvant to bupivacaine produces hemodynamically stable analgesia with minimal side effects.
A 17-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital with history of blunt trauma over chest (run over by a tractor). Patient was first attended at a peripheral hospital where he was intubated with single lumen endotracheal tube 8.0mm oral, cuffed and given assisted mechanical ventilation. Intercostal drain was put on right side of chest. On admission at our hospital, patient was dyspnoeic, with endotracheal tube in situ, tachycardic, hypotensive, and with Glasgow coma score of 10. Chest examination showed poor air entry on the right side despite presence of intercostal drain. Surgical emphysema was present over the right side of chest. Chest X-ray revealed collapsed right lung [Table/ Fig-1]. An urgent computerized tomography scan was done that showed large pneumothorax on right side causing complete collapse of right lung parenchyma and communication with right main bronchus contusion of the left upper lobe was also seen [ ABSTRACTTracheobronchial injuries are rare cases requiring skillful airway management. We report a challenging case of tracheobronchial injury in a young adult who was run over by a tractor and was referred to us from a peripheral hospital with endotracheal tube in situ. He was severely hypoxaemic on initial presentation. Diagnostic work up showed high suspicion for right bronchial transection along with left lung upper lobe contusion. Due to deteriorating clinical condition of the patient and despite immediate unavailability of fibreoptic bronchoscope, patient was immediately taken up for right posterolateral thoracotomy and double lumen tube was inserted. The position of the tube was confirmed clinically. As soon as the fibreoptic bronchoscope arrived, it was again used to confirm the position of double lumen tube. Patient's clinical condition improved after repair of the injured right bronchus and he was later extubated the next day.[
Background:Intrathecal clonidine is a very safe, nonopioid adjuvant to local anesthetics to prolong the duration of analgesia without any major side effects.Objective:The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of clonidine in two different doses as an adjuvant to bupivacaine intrathecally in lower limb surgeries.Materials and Methods:A total of 75 adult patients scheduled to undergo lower limb surgeries were randomly allocated into either of three groups of 25 patients. Group I received 12.5 mg bupivacaine, Group II patients received bupivacaine 12.5 mg with clonidine 15 μg, and patients in Group III received bupivacaine 12.5 mg with clonidine 30 μg intrathecally. A total volume of 3 ml was made in all groups using normal saline. The hemodynamic parameters, onset, and duration of sensory block, highest dermatomal level of sensory block, motor block onset, time to complete motor block recovery, and mean time to request of the first analgesic were recorded. Side effects or any other complications were noted.Results:The mean time of onset of sensory block and motor block was less in clonidine groups. The mean duration of sensory block was significantly prolonged in clonidine groups as compared to study group. The duration of motor block (in minutes) was significantly prolonged in Group III (171.60 ± 38.20) as compared to Group I (113.20 ± 35.79) and Group II (115.20 ± 38.41). The time of analgesic request in Group I was 148.16 ± 43.99 min, 190.60 ± 38.08 in Group II, and 200.80 ± 59.85 min in Group III.Conclusions:The addition of intrathecal clonidine 15 μg to small dose bupivacaine increased the spread, duration of analgesia, and produced effective spinal anesthesia with stable hemodynamics and did not prolong postoperative motor block.
In three inhomogeneous mediums, the performance of different algorithms for Flattening Filter Free (FFF) photon beams and Flattening Filter (FF) photon beams was evaluated. The three CT image sets of the CIRS phantom, each including an ionization chamber in the lung, bone, and tissue locations, were collected using the SAD configuration. For flattened and non-flattened photon beams, the corresponding Treatment Planning System (TPS) calculated and ionization chamber measured doses in the centre of chamber (in the three mediums) were compared. In lung structure, higher deviation was recorded in 10X10 cm2 field by all the three algorithms. These deviations are larger in magnitude, both FF and FFF, compared to water and bone mediums. Thus, both FF and FFF beams performed differently in lung, water, and bone mediums. Algorithms contribute to one of the potential sources of radiation delivery uncertainty.
Introduction:The objective of this study was to classify dyspneic patients and to evaluate outcome variables on the basis of lung ultrasound (LUS) and arterial blood gas (ABG) findings.Methods:We performed a retrospective chart-based review in which we included patients with dyspnea admitted to our intensive care unit (ICU) between March 2015 and August 2016. On the basis of LUS (presence of A-lines/B-lines) and ABG (hypoxia/hypercarbia), patients were classified into six groups: (i) metabolic defect (dry lung, no hypoxia); (ii) perfusion defect (dry lung, hypoxia); (iii) ventilation defect (dry lung, hypoxia, and hypercarbia); (iv) ventilation and alveolar defect (wet lung, hypoxia, and hypercarbia); (v) alveolar defect-consolidation ([wet lung] hypoxia, no echocardiographic [ECG] abnormality); (vi) alveolar defect-pulmonary edema (wet lung [usually bilateral], hypoxia, ECG abnormality). The patient's demographic data, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, need for intubation, vasopressors, form of mechanical ventilation, ICU outcome, and length of stay were noted.Results:A total of 244 out of 435 patients were eligible for inclusion in the study. The median age was 56 years. 132 patients (54.1%) required mechanical ventilation, and median SOFA score was 7. Noninvasive ventilation was required in 87.5% of patients with ventilation defect as compared to 9.2% with alveolar defect-consolidation (P < 0.0001). We had 21.7% mortality in patients with alveolar defect-consolidation, 10.8% mortality in patients with metabolic defect, and 8.7% mortality in patients with alveolar defect-pulmonary edema (P < 0.0001).Conclusion:This classification gives an organized approach in managing patients with dyspnea. It predicts that patients with alveolar defect-consolidation are most sick of all the groups and need immediate intervention.
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