The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of anaerobically treated distillery effluent and oxidized effluent on freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio. The untreated distillery effluent (Sample A) was treated with up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor (Sample B) and followed by an oxidizer system (Sample C and D) under optimized conditions. The comparative acute toxicity of Sample A and treated effluents (Sample B, C and D) was studied using Cyprinus carpio (common carp) as a model fish for various exposure times (24 to 96 h) after suitable dilutions. The parameters for toxicity determination included assessment of behavioural response of the fish under study and their mortality study, and histopathological analysis. The behavioural response parameters showed prominent changes as erratic swimming activity, increase in opercular movement, jerk and violent reaction, loss of equilibrium, and aggressiveness in fish when exposed to varying concentrations of distillery effluent. The prominent features of death were respiratory distress, paralysis and loss of equilibrium. The mortality study involved calculation of median lethal toxicity (LC50) using static bioassay method. The histopathological analysis of tissues like gills, intestine and kidney of exposed fish showed varied degrees of damage, which increased with increasing the strength of the distillery effluent. Thus, the present study underscores the effectiveness of the two-step process (anaerobic treatment followed by oxidation) for the treatment of distillery effluent in terms of significantly lesser dilution requirements (about 5-fold lesser as compared to the untreated effluent) before discharging the distillery effluent safely to the ecosystem.
Rutin is a citrus flavonoid glycoside and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antiulcer, antiallergic, antiviral and antioxidant activity. It is found in many herbal plants. The aim of this research work was to develop and validate a simple, accurate, precise and economic UV spectroscopic method for the determination of rutin in Cocculus hirsutus. The estimation of rutin by spectroscopic with maximum absorption at λmax 262.10 nm using developed solvent [n-butanol : water : acetic acid (7:1:1)]. Beer-Lambert's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 0-18 μg/ml and was described by the regression equation y = 0.032x + 0.008 with a regression coefficient (r 2 ) = 0.999 (n = 5). For Rutin, the value of molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity were 1.6429 x 10 6 L/mol/cm and 0.0372 x 10 -2 μg/cm 2 , respectively and of LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.6135 and 1.8593 μg/ml, respectively. The percentage recovery of rutin was found to be 98.22 %. The % RSD for intraday and interday precision was 1.33 and 1.52 respectively. It showed excellent % RSD which is less than 2. The developed method was validated in terms accuracy, precision, linearity and robustness. The statistically validated results indicate that the proposed method has good sensitivity, accuracy and precision. The method is simple and economic as compare to chromatographic methods. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of Rutin in herbal plants and its product.
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