Smoking cigarettes contributes significantly to the increase of radiation in human body because 210 Po and 210 Pb exist relatively high in tobacco leaves. Therefore, these two radioisotopes in eighteen of the most frequently sold cigarette brands produced in Vietnam were examined in this study. 210 Po was determined by alpha spectroscopy using a passivated implanted planar silicon (PIPS) detector after a procedure including radiochemical separation and spontaneous deposition of polonium on a copper disc (the deposition efficiency of 210 Po on a copper disc was approximately 94%). Sequentially, 210 Pb was determined through the ingrowth of 210 Po after storing the sample solutions for approximately six months. The activity concentrations of 210 Po in cigarettes ranged from 13.8 to 82.6mBq/cigarette (the mean value was 26.4mBq/cigarette) and the activity concentrations of 210 Pb in cigarettes ranged from 13.9 to 78.8mBq/cigarette (the mean value was 25.8mBq/cigarette). The annual committed effective dose for smokers who smoke one pack per day was also estimated to be 295.4µSv/year (223.0µSv/year and 72.4µSv/year from 210 Po and 210 Pb, respectively). These indicated that smoking increased the risk of developing lung cancer was approximately 60 times greater for smokers than for non-smokers.
In this paper the Hamiltonian theory of particle motion has been applied for developing the motion equations of electrons in linear accelerator of Iris-loaded waveguides. Using J. C. Slater asumption for determining electric field in Oz direction, the energy increase of electron in the guide wave pipe following the linacs resonance cavity with circulated electromagnetic distribution and repeat-cycle of given number of resonance cavities has been developed. The energy gain of electron following the electron way in Oz axle direction of the accelerator with the different injection phase and phase shift of RF has been obtained. The results indicate that the energy increase of electron depends on the injection phase of RF and cell-to-cell phase shift.
A gamma backscattering technique is applied to calculate the saturation curve and the effective mass attenuation coefficient of material. A NaI(Tl) detector collimated by collimator of large diameter is modeled by Monte Carlo technique using both MCNP5 and GEANT4 codes. The result shows a good agreement in response function of the scattering spectra for the two codes. Based on such spectra, the saturation curve of heat-resistant steel is determined. The results represent a strong confirmation that it is appropriate to use the detector collimator of large diameter to obtain the scattering spectra and this work is also the basis of experimental setup for determining the thickness of material.
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