Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is more and more concerned in power distribution network due to its great benefit. In near future, it may become an essential device in the modern distribution systems. The Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) problem on transmission network for full system observability, was fully done. However, in distribution network the change of configuration in normal operation and contingency modes has a very large impact to find the location of PMUs on network. Some methods have been proposed to solve this problem however the researchers had to spend lot of effort to calculate the system data in all configurations of network. This paper proposes a new solution to find the optimal location of PMUs, which can ensure the full system observability in all operation configurations of distribution network with calculating only based on one configuration. To justify the methodology of solution, the simulations on IEEE RBTS-2 bus and 33 buses distribution systems are presented for experiment. The results of this study show that the proposed solution is effective and feasible.
-Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) placement is a crucial problem for State Estimation (SE) of the power system, which can ensure that the power network is fully observed. Further, the observation reliability problem of the system has been concerned in the operation conditions. In this paper, based on modified weighted adjacent matrix (A w ), an optimal placement method is proposed to solve simultaneously two problems involving the optimal PMU placement problem and the observation reliability enhancement problem of the system. The purpose of the proposed method is to achieve both the minimum total cost and the maximum observation reliability, with a focus on increasing the security of observability, strengthening the observation reliability of buses as well as enhancing the effectiveness of redundancy. Simulations on IEEE 14, 24, 30 and 57 bus test systems are presented to justify the methodology. The results of this study show that the proposed method is not only ensuring the power network having the observability effectively but also enhancing significantly the observation reliability. Therefore, it can be a useful tool for SE of the power system.
Arc welding processes, such as shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), metal inert gas (MIG), and tungsten inert gas (TIG), play an important role in industrial applications. To improve the efficiency of the exploitation of traditional welding systems, new technologies have been used. Virtual reality technology is one of them. The virtual reality (VR)-based welding system enables to increase the frequency of practice to help learners obtain welding experience to avoid errors that occur during actual welding processes. This paper presents a VR-based system for simulating three welding processes: SMAW, MIG, and TIG. The developed system includes hardware components and VR software installed on a computer. The change in the physical devices, such as moving the welding torch and the distance from the welding torch to the plates to generate the weld bead, will update in real time and appear on the virtual environment. The functionality of the developed system for simulating the welding processes, such as in the real welding environment, was tested successfully. For implementing the system, welding speed and the distance from the welding torch to the plates are important process parameters, which determine the weld size or the weld formation. In this research, the ranges of the welding speed are 70 ÷ 120 mm/min; 240 ÷ 460 mm/min; and 250 ÷ 450 mm/min for the SMAW, TIG, and MIG processes, respectively. These values were tested experimentally. The distance from the welding torch to the plates to display the weld joint is 1.5 ÷ 5 mm. Outside of this range, no weld joint is formed. The welding widths are 4.4 ÷ 12.9 mm, 7.1 ÷ 12.4 mm, and 7.4 ÷ 11.3 mm for the SMAW, TIG, and MIG processes, respectively.
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