OBJECTIVE: The rate of glucose disposal was determined in 10 black and 10 white obese nondiabetic urban women from South Africa to assess insulin resistance. DESIGN AND METHODS: Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and body composition analysis. RESULTS: Age, body mass index (BMI), anthropometric measurements and body composition were similar in both groups of women. A ®ve-level computed tomography (CT) scan showed a similar mean subcutaneous fat mass in both groups of women (black obese women 555 AE 9.0 vs white obese women 532 AE 6.0 cm 2 ), but less visceral fat in black obese women (90 AE 3.0 vs 121 AE 3.1 cm 2 ; P`0.05). Black obese women had higher fasting free fatty acid (997 AE 69 vs 678 AE 93 m mmolal; P`0.05) and lactate concentrations (1462 AE 94 vs 1038 AE 39 m mmolal; P`0.05), but lower fasting insulin levels (87 AE 12 vs 155 AE 9 pmolal; P`0.001). Black obese women also had a more favorable HDL: total cholesterol ratio (30.5% vs 23.0%; P`0.04). The mean glucose disposal rate (M) and disposal expressed as glucose sensitivity index (MaI) were reduced in the black obese women vs white obese women (M: 7.1 AE 0.8 vs 13.7 AE 1.0 mmolakg Á min À1 Â100; P`0.01, and MaI: 0.12 AE 0.01 vs 0.24 AE 0.02 mmolakg Á min À1 apmolal Â1000; P`0.01). Only black obese women showed a signi®cant decrease in C-peptide levels during the clamp (2.9 AE 0.22 vs 1.2 AE 0.12 nmolal; P`0.001). During the euglycemic period, the black obese women had higher lactate levels at all time points, but only the white obese women had increased lactate levels (918 AE 66 to 1300 AE 53 m mmolal; P`0.05). CONCLUSION: Black obese women demonstrate a higher degree of insulin resistance, despite less visceral fat and a higher HDL: total-cholesterol ratio. In addition, endogenous b b-cell secretory function in black obese women appears to be more sensitive to the suppressive effect of exogenous insulin administration. The signi®cant increase in lactate levels in white obese women con®rms that they are more insulin sensitive.
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Translating the Bible so that target audiences can easily understand the meaning of the text has dominated the theory and practice of Bible translation since the 1960s. Source oriented translations that are typically associated with word-for-word translations received little theoretical reflection. However, developments in Translation Studies have made it clear that the latter type of translations do not provide the type of equivalence more conservative churches really call for. The story of the Bible in Afrikaans relates to how the Bible Society of South Africa (BSSA) has taken seriously the needs of churches in South Africa for a sourceoriented translation and teamed up with scholars to develop an academically justifiable model for a new type of church Bible. The functionalist model of Christiane Nord (1997) was used as point of departure and complimented by that of Ernst-August Gutt (2000). Pointing out the accomplishments and challenges of this pioneering project, this article paves the way for a scholarly discourse on source-oriented translations of the Bible.
Thirty evaluable patients with histologically confirmed primary liver cancer (PLC) were treated with neocarzinostatin (NCS). All patients had measurable disease and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 1, 2, or 3. NCS 2250 units/m2 was given daily for 5 days, repeated at 28-day intervals. Hemopoietic suppression was the major side effect. In 23 of 30 patients (13 with leukopenia and 19 with thrombocytopenia), this toxic effect was documented. Other toxic effects included nausea, vomiting, allergic-type reaction, and elevation of NPN. Partial response, with a median duration of 12.7 weeks (range 4--37 weeks) was observed in seven patients. In nine patients the response was classified as no change, and in 14 patients there was progressive disease. NCS has some therapeutic activity in patients with PLC.
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