Relevance. The current situation of the pandemic and a number of other crisis situations in modern society have shown the insufficient development of the methodology of clinical psychology which for a long time has been focused on the study of various kinds of clinical groups, the creation of single techniques, individual correction and psychotherapy. As it turned out, such a multidisciplinary and mostly naturalistic organization of clinical psychology does not meet the problems that arise in the modern mass information society, in particular in crisis situations. The study shows that cultural-historical clinical psychology meets criteria of multiple challenges. The objective of the article is to analyze the possibilities for the development of clinical psychology in a crisis situation of a pandemic, to compare the possibilities and ways of both traditional and cultural-historical psychology to respond to the challenges of new social and cultural realities. Our task in this research was to broadly present the main directions of development of clinical psychology with an orientation towards increasing compliance with the requirements of modern culture. Results. A number of trends in the development of clinical psychology, its progress in the direction of cultural-historical clinical psychology are outlined. The possibilities of a shift from ascertaining studies to anticipatory and project ones are shown. This type of a shift means moving from the study of facts and data correlations to the study of cultural and historical mechanisms of the formation of disorders and psycho-techniques of corrective and preventive influence. The prospects for the move of culturalhistorical psychology in the direction from the receptive study of clinical groups to the control of the formation of patho-psychological phenomena in large social groups and information spaces are outlined. Conclusions. A new field of methodological and ontological developments is presented with the aim of creating a systematic applied cultural-historical psychology that can actively and in anticipatory manner answer the questions of modern society and culture. The research has shown the possibility of involving this area of psychological science in solving urgent practical problems arising during the pandemic and other crisis situations.
Актуальность статьи. Проблематика методологии прикладной клинической (медицинской) психологии 1 является весьма актуальной в связи со значительной пестротой и несистематизированностью современных исследований. Присутствует смешение исследовательских работ, ориентированных на психологическое объяснение психических расстройств, статистически-корреляционных исследований, в которых приводятся связи различных параметров, свойств и признаков на основе изучения разнообразных клинических групп пациентов, и вкраплений в значительной мере незавершенных попыток действительно прикладных исследований собственно клинической (медицинской) психологии. Целью статьи является теоретико-аналитическое исследование проблемного поля прикладной клинической (медицинской) психологии. Ход исследования. В ходе анализа современной ситуации прикладной клинической (медицинской) психологии изучаются перспективы разработок и анализируются прогнозы зарубежных исследователей по поводу будущего состояния клинической психологии. Особое внимание уделяется возможностям дальнейших разработок методологии прикладной клинической психологии, основанной Г. Мюнстербергом, ее использованию в проектировании широкого круга приложений психологии в современной медицине. Обсуждаются возможности развития прикладной медицинской психологии в современном информационном обществе, разработка ее новых методов, их анализ и последующая технологизация. Результаты и выводы. Представлен широкий спектр возможностей использования прикладной клинической (медицинской) психологии, связанных с перспективами технологизации практической медицины и ее организации. Анализ проблемного поля прикладной клинической (медицинской) психологии демонстрирует необходимость системного проектирования новых прикладных психологических разработок в медицине. Предварительные данные показывают, что более глубокий системный уровень разработок такого рода может быть связан с применением в их проектировании прикладной культурно-исторической психологии. Ключевые слова: прикладная клиническая (медицинская) психология, психотехника, Г. Мюнстерберг, психология и медицина, информационное общество. Background. The issue of the applied clinical psychology methodology is very relevant due to the considerable diversity and unsystematic review of modern research. There is a confusion of research works focused on the psychological explanation of mental disorders, statistically correlation studies, which provide links between various parameters, properties and characteristics based on a study of various clinical patient groups, and also incomplete works of applied research in clinical psychology. The Objective of the paper is a theoretical and analytical study of the applied clinical psychology. Design. The analysis of the current situation of applied clinical psychology is given, the prospects for development are studied and the forecasts of foreign researchers about the future of clinical psychology are performed. Particular attention is paid to the development opportunities of further methodology issues of applied...
Relevance. It can still be seen in contemporary studies that the difficulties of problem children are explored in an isolated manner, without any connection to the research on social-psychological practices of aid and correction. The goal of the article is to integrate the approaches aimed at understanding a problem child with main organizational practices of medical, psychological and pedagogical help. The phenomenon of a problem child is being looked at in the context of developing a project-oriented approach in cultural-historical psychology. Methods. The article uses the method of analyzing historically formed views on understanding a difficult child together with studying major views on organizing and structuring practical medical, psychological and educational help. The research was aimed at finding common features both in studies on different groups of problem children and that of different types of practices. Results and conclusions. In the course of the historical-analytical study the authors highlighted main principles in structuring the rehabilitation of problem children and adolescents, showed the directions of the latest research. These principles are described as social structures and may serve as basis for designing and later constructing required social-psychological and therapeutically-developing environments for problem children. These social structures are actively involved in shaping the child’s mental organization. They are expressed in the external social relations which can be described and later organized in a particular way to help a child to overcome the existing difficulties. These social relations can be described on different levels: microsocial (interpersonal relations) and macrosocial (different social groups and stratas, subcultures, mass social processes in the society). It allows to integrate the existing research in a cross-disciplinary field. In such systematic studies, one language can be used to describe difficulties of problem children as well as therapeutic environments most suitable for their correction. Thus, it opens up a new possibility to elaborate on project-oriented approach constructed on the basis of cultural-historical psychology.
Background. Existing approaches to the analysis of anamneses are predominantly naturalistic and descriptive and rarely include cultural-historical analysis of mental development. Self-harm (suicidal) behaviour in adolescents is an acute clinical, medical and social problem. The obtained research data are often contradictory and mostly provide only medical perspective on the problem. Also, they are only rarely coordinated with organization of psychological development of adolescents and with designing preventive measures to aid adolescents and their families. The article examines social structures in the adolescents’ environment, which contribute to disorder development, in the framework of project-based approach developed in cultural-historical psychology. Objective. The scope of the article is to exemplify a study based on cultural-historical analysis of psychological anamneses and to show its stages in a case of a group of adolescents with self-destructive behaviours. Sample. The article data are based on the sample of 40 male adolescents aged 14–17 with self-destructive (suicidal) behavior hospitalized to the psychiatric facility. Methods. Analysis of anamnesis in its cultural-historical version, conversation, and observation were applied in the study. The study proceeded in the identification and analysis of the objective social structures that are significant for adolescents’ development, and then in understanding the process of their transformation within the internal phenomenological-clinical part of the adolescents’ experience. Results. The article describes the main stages and methods for conducting a study based on the psychological analysis of the anamnesis differing from other variations of work with the anamnesis. The two most significant factors contributing to the development of self-destructive behaviour in adolescents are identified: the position of the only child in the family (or its socio-psychological variations) and typical dysfunctions in the family history of such adolescents. Conclusion. The conducted analysis brings up the issue of developing hypotheses both about the social and psychological structure in the diagnostics of the corresponding disorders, and about those social and psychological mechanisms that underlie readiness for suicidal behavior in adolescents. According to the authors, psychological analytics organized in this way expands significantly the concept of the clinic, bringing it into wider social and cultural spaces, which in the future can be used in diagnosis and in the organization of prevention in relation to developmental deviations.
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