The cluster model is an effective tool for ensuring the effective development of national economies and the transformation of the innovative ecosystems of European countries. This is determined by the goals of the cluster approach. In most European countries, cluster structures are recognized as the most effective means of implementing regional policies that promote balanced sustainable development of regions based on the use of local conditions, resources and competitive advantages. World practice testifies to the intensification of the processes of formation of cluster associations of organizations in recent decades. Currently, about 50% of the economies of developed countries are covered by the processes of creation and functioning of clusters. The purpose of the article is the analysis and synthesis of the European experience in the development of cluster structures to develop recommendations for the possible use of clustering the national economy as an effective tool for sustainable development of European countries in Ukraine. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study are the provisions of institutional theory, in particular the paradigm of evolutionary development, clustering theory, the concept of strategic and logistical management, enterprise development management. In the process of research the following general scientific methods were used: analysis and synthesis (for the analysis of scientific schools of development of cluster theories, generalization of existing theoretical approaches and provisions, scientific developments on the problems of managing the development of cluster structures, clarification of terminological apparatus); classification and systematic approach (to systematize the conceptual approaches to defining the concepts of "cluster", "clustering", to identify industry-specific development of cluster structures in Europe); comparison and structural-logical generalization (to determine the features of the European practice of clusters and the possibility of its use in Ukraine). Results. The study revealed the sectoral focus of cluster structures in European countries. The features of the implementation of cluster policy and the key objectives of support for the development of cluster structures in a number of EU countries were identified. It is proved that the clusterization of the national economy, cluster policies and initiatives in the last decade have become important elements of strategies and concepts of innovative and sustainable development of European countries. Based on the analysis and synthesis of sectoral trends in the creation of cluster structures in European countries, it was found that the national characteristics of existing cluster policy determine the direction of cluster initiatives; strategic cluster alternatives are determined by national characteristics and the adopted cluster concept; to assess the feasibility of the cluster strategy of development of the territory it is necessary to correlate the level of investment potential and investment activity; methodological principles of formation of a national cluster strategy need to be refined and clarified, taking into account the current challenges. Practical implications. On the basis of summarizing the best European experience, it was found that to increase the competitiveness of the national and regional economy it is necessary to create cluster structures as effective forms of partnership. But as a result of the study, it was found that the current legislation of Ukraine does not pay proper attention to the formation and functioning of clusters. This requires changes and additions to the Concept of creating clusters in Ukraine, the Regional Development Strategy until 2027 and action plans for their implementation in 2021-2023 years to create cluster structures as a business entity. It is advisable to develop and approve the Concept of cluster policy and the Target Program "The formation and development of cluster formations in the regions of Ukraine for 2021-2023 years", which should provide for the creation of clusters as a special type of associations of enterprises in different fields of activity and taking into account regional characteristics. Value/originality. The author's approach to improving the regulatory support for the development of cluster associations in Ukraine, taking into account the best European practices was formulated.
At present, the problems of improving the management of cluster structures in the eastern regions of Ukraine, taking into account the European experience in accordance with modern challenges related to smart specialization, modernization of production and digitalization of organizational and managerial processes, are becoming especially relevant. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical provisions, scientific and methodological approaches and develop practical recommendations for improving the mechanism of formation and management of business integrated structures of the eastern regions of Ukraine. The essence and content of the terms "business integrated structure", "development of business integrated structure", "mechanism for managing the development of business integrated structure" are specified. The international experience of development of cluster structures is analysed and generalized and offers concerning its possible application in industrial regions of Ukraine are given. Based on the generalization of research, analytical materials of research and consulting companies, regional development agencies, statistical analysis, the main barriers that hinder the effective economic development of the eastern regions of Ukraine. Strategic documents concerning the socio-economic development of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts in terms of creating cluster associations were analysed. Methodical bases of logistical support of management of development of business integrated structures are defined. A comprehensive approach to evaluating the effectiveness of cluster formations is proposed and tested. Proposals on normative-legal regulation of cluster structures development in the national economy of Ukraine are given. The conceptual approach to the formation of the cluster as an element of the innovation infrastructure of industrial regions on the basis of smart specialization is substantiated. The organizational and economic mechanism of functioning of business integrated structures is improved and the algorithm of its realization on the example of the eastern regions of Ukraine is offered. It is proved that the development and implementation of the proposed algorithm for implementing the organizational and economic mechanism of business integrated structures (clusters) will create appropriate conditions for increasing the volume and quality of transport services, intensifying innovative development, as well as implementing a qualitatively new regional model of sustainable development that will meet modern management requirements. Implementation of the developed recommendations for improving the mechanism of formation and management of the development of business integrated structures in Donetsk and Luhansk regions will help to obtain a synergistic effect, the components of which are: economic effect ‒ increasing the level of investment attractiveness of territories; increase of receipts to budgets (regional, local) due to formation of qualitatively new model of regional economy, strengthening of competitive advantages of area and increase of economic capacity of territorial communities in the conditions of decentralization; increase in the volume of cargo transportation and cargo turnover of different types of transport; reduction of costs for the organization of logistics activities by reducing the transport component in the cost of services, reducing the time to perform customs procedures for clearance of goods; ensuring favorable institutional conditions for the functioning of the transport services market; social ‒ job creation and employment growth; ecological ‒ reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from transport due to optimization of transport flows; increasing the level of environmental safety.
At present, the problems of improving the management of cluster structures in the industrial regions of Ukraine, taking into account the best international experience in accordance with modern challenges related to smart specialization, modernization of production and digitalization of organizational and managerial processes. In this regard, the article analyzes and summarizes the international practice of development of cluster structures in order to further develop proposals for its possible application in the modern conditions of the regional economy of Ukraine. As a result of the research it was established that the current legislation of Ukraine does not pay due attention to the creation and functioning of cluster structures. Therefore, the definition of the terms "cluster" and "clustering" at the legislative level remains an urgent issue. General provisions on clusters as a territorial association of enterprises should be included in Chapter 12 of the Commercial Code of Ukraine, and the specification of their legal status should be set out in a special Law of Ukraine "On Cluster Associations of Enterprises". In this case, the content of the legislation on clusters should be formed taking into account the fact that cluster relations have a specific organizational and legal nature and can operate both with the rights and without the rights of a legal entity, using other organizational and legal forms of associations, and and without them. It is necessary to make changes and additions to the Concept of creating clusters in Ukraine, Regional Development Strategies until 2027 and Action Plans for their implementation for 2021-2023 on the creation of cluster structures as a business entity. It is expedient to develop and approve the Concepts of cluster policy and the Target Program "Formation and development of clusters in the regions of Ukraine for 2021-2023", which should provide for the creation of clusters as a special type of enterprise associations in various fields and taking into account regional specifics.
Currently, clustering is recognized as an effective mechanism and opportunity for structural institutional changes in the economy of the eastern regions of Ukraine The purpose of the study is to identify problematic issues and identify the main obstacles that hold back the effective economic development of the eastern regions of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of the economic development indicators of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, a set of barriers was identified, which are tentatively divided into the following groups: political, regulatory, innovative, investment, informational, environmental, infrastructural, logistical. A predictive assessment of the indicators characterizing the economic development of the regions was carried out using economic and mathematical tools, and on this basis the trends of their further functioning were identified. Based on the generalization of regional development strategies of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, their shortcomings in terms of creating cluster structures were revealed. Taking into account the significant potential of the impact of clusters on the economy of the region, the necessity of developing an econometric model that will evaluate the effectiveness of the functioning of the cluster formation has been proven. The substantiation of the system of financial and economic relations arising in the process of managing the development and functioning of the regional economy based on the formation of clusters made it possible to determine the direct relationship between the clustering of the regional economy and the strengthening of the competitive positions of financial and economic entities on the regional market, which is an additional source lending to the regional economy and contributes to the growth of financial indicators of the national economy. Keywords national economy, regional economy, cluster, clustering mechanism, cluster structure, regional development strategy, economic and mathematical tools, barriers, problematic issues.
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