This study evaluates erosivity, surface runoff generation, and soil erosion rates for Mamuaba catchment, sub-catchment of Gramame River basin (Brazil) by using the ArcView Soil and Water Assessment Tool (AvSWAT) model. Calibration and validation of the model was performed on monthly basis, and it could simulate surface runoff and soil erosion to a good level of accuracy. Daily rainfall data between 1969 and 1989 from six rain gauges were used, and the monthly rainfall erosivity of each station was computed for all the studied years. In order to evaluate the calibration and validation of the model, monthly runoff data between January 1978 and April 1982 from one runoff gauge were used as well. The estimated soil loss rates were also realistic when compared to what can be observed in the field and to results from previous studies around of catchment. The long-term average soil loss was estimated at 9.4 t ha(-1) year(-1); most of the area of the catchment (60%) was predicted to suffer from a low- to moderate-erosion risk (<6 t ha(-1) year(-1)) and, in 20% of the catchment, the soil erosion was estimated to exceed > 12 t ha(-1) year(-1). Expectedly, estimated soil loss was significantly correlated with measured rainfall and simulated surface runoff. Based on the estimated soil loss rates, the catchment was divided into four priority categories (low, moderate, high and very high) for conservation intervention. The study demonstrates that the AvSWAT model provides a useful tool for soil erosion assessment from catchments and facilitates the planning for a sustainable land management in northeastern Brazil.
O Município de Lucena está localizado na porção norte do litoral do Estado da Paraíba, e vem sofrendo com um desordenado processo de uso e ocupação do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as perdas das áreas de vegetação no Município de Lucena entre 1970 e 2005. Para essa análise foram produzidos mapas de uso e cobertura do solo, aplicação de índices de ecologia da paisagem para o período estudado. Os seguintes índices de ecologia da paisagem foram determinados: CA, PLAND, NP, LPI, AREA-MN, SHAPE-MN, ENN-MN, PD. Com base nos mapas de uso e cobertura do solo e nos índices, pode-se constatar que houve mudanças na paisagem, como uma grande fragmentação das áreas de matas em detrimento de culturas, principalmente a de cana-de-açúcar. As alterações observadas demonstram que houve uma notável perda de biodiversidade no município de Lucena no período entre 1970 e 2005. Conclui-se que os índices de ecologia da paisagem, quando avaliados conjuntamente, permitiram a análise da estrutura florestal da bacia de maneira satisfatória. A região teve sua cobertura florestal fragmentada e que essa fragmentação foi mais intensa nas áreas de matas no período entre 1970 e 2005.
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