Summary MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA gene regulators typically produced from primary transcripts that are cleaved by the nuclear Microprocessor complex, with the resulting precursor miRNA hairpins exported by Exportin-5 and processed by cytoplasmic Dicer to yield two (5p- and 3p-) miRNAs. Here, we document Microprocessor-independent 7-methylguanosine (m7G) capped pre-miRNAs, whose 5′ ends coincide with transcription start sites, while the 3′ ends are most likely generated by transcription termination. By establishing a small RNA Cap-seq method that employs the cap-binding protein eIF4E, we identified a group of murine m7G-capped pre-miRNAs genome-wide. The m7G-capped pre-miRNAs are exported via the PHAX-Exportin-1 pathway. After Dicer cleavage, only the 3p-miRNA is efficiently loaded onto Argonaute to form a functional microRNP. This unusual miRNA biogenesis pathway, which differs in pre-miRNA synthesis, nuclear-cytoplasmic transport and guide strand selection, enables the development of shRNA expression constructs that produce a single 3p-siRNA.

Cellular transitions occur at all stages of organismal life from conception to adult regeneration. Changing cellular state involves three main features: activating gene expression necessary to install the new cellular state, modifying the chromatin status to stabilize the new gene expression program, and removing existing gene products to clear out the previous cellular program. The maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) is one of the most profound changes in the life of an organism. It involves gene expression remodeling at all levels, including the active clearance of the maternal oocyte program to adopt the embryonic totipotency. In this chapter we provide an overview of molecular mechanisms driving maternal mRNA clearance during the MZT, describe the developmental consequences of losing components of this gene regulation, and illustrate how remodeling of gene expression during the MZT is common to other cellular transitions with parallels to cellular reprogramming.

RNA folding plays a crucial role in RNA function. However, knowledge of the global structure of the transcriptome is limited to cellular systems at steady state, thus hindering the understanding of RNA structure dynamics during biological transitions and how it influences gene function. Here, we characterized mRNA structure dynamics during zebrafish development. We observed that on a global level, translation guides structure rather than structure guiding translation. We detected a decrease in structure in translated regions and identified the ribosome as a major remodeler of RNA structure in vivo. In contrast, we found that 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) form highly folded structures in vivo, which can affect gene expression by modulating microRNA activity. Furthermore, dynamic 3'-UTR structures contain RNA-decay elements, such as the regulatory elements in nanog and ccna1, two genes encoding key maternal factors orchestrating the maternal-to-zygotic transition. These results reveal a central role of RNA structure dynamics in gene regulatory programs.

Posttranscriptional regulation plays a crucial role in shaping gene expression. During the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT), thousands of maternal transcripts are regulated. However, how different cis-elements and trans-factors are integrated to determine mRNA stability remains poorly understood. Here, we show that most transcripts are under combinatorial regulation by multiple decay pathways during zebrafish MZT. By using a massively parallel reporter assay, we identified cis-regulatory sequences in the 3 ′ UTR, including U-rich motifs that are associated with increased mRNA stability. In contrast, miR-430 target sequences, UAUUUAUU AU-rich elements (ARE), CCUC, and CUGC elements emerged as destabilizing motifs, with miR-430 and AREs causing mRNA deadenylation upon genome activation. We identified trans-factors by profiling RNA-protein interactions and found that poly(U)-binding proteins are preferentially associated with 3 ′ UTR sequences and stabilizing motifs. We show that this activity is antagonized by C-rich motifs and correlated with protein binding. Finally, we integrated these regulatory motifs into a machine learning model that predicts reporter mRNA stability in vivo.

Background: Regulation of microRNA activity independent of processing and biogenesis has not been demonstrated.Results: The RNA-binding protein, TDP-43, interacts with mature miR-1/miR-206, limiting their RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) association and activity.Conclusion: RNA-binding proteins can selectively control microRNA activity by disrupting RISC incorporation.Significance: This is the first known microRNA-protein interaction that controls microRNA activity independent of processing.