Field studies were conducted to evaluate new kairomone blends in combination with pear ester (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate (PE) and acetic acid (AA) for their attraction of male and female codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen. The addition of decanal to either AA or PE alone significantly increased total and female moth catches. However, the addition of decanal did not improve the attraction of PE + AA. The addition of either the pyranoid (PyrLOX) or furanoid (FurLOX) linalool oxide but not linalool (LOL) increased moth catches with PE but did not increase catches with PE + AA. Similarly, the addition of PyrLOX plus decanal did not improve PE + AA. The addition of (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene (DMNT) to either AA, PE + AA or PE + AA+decanal did not significantly increase moth catches. However, the addition of PyrLOX to traps with PE + AA and DMNT (4‐component lure) significantly increased moth catches compared with PE + AA alone or any of the ternary blends of these volatiles. Females accounted for 60%–80% of the total catch with this 4‐component lure. The 4‐component blend with PyrLOX was a more attractive lure than similar blends that substituted LOL, or a binary blend of LOL and FurLOX for PyrLOX. The 4‐component blend caught nearly fourfold more total and female moths than the purported attractant N‐butyl sulphide when it was used in combination with PE + AA. These results indicate that significant improvements in monitoring, mating disruption and mass trapping of codling moth are possible. Further studies are needed to assess the new attractive blend's effectiveness in combination with sex pheromone lures and to evaluate whether other host plant volatiles can be added or substitute for DMNT or LOX when used in combination with PE + AA.

Monitoring adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is a crucial component in implementing effective integrated management programmes in apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen. Use of sex pheromone lures to track male populations has been the traditional approach, but their use in orchards treated with sex pheromone for mating disruption (MD) has been problematic. Development of kairomone and kairomonepheromone combination lures has allowed the catch of female moths and has benefited several aspects of codling moth management through improved spray timings and action thresholds. Recently, a new four-component volatile blend (4-K) comprised of pear ester, (E,Z)-2,4-ethyl decadienoate (PE), (E)-11 4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, all isomers of pyranoid linalool oxide and acetic acid (AA) has been characterized that has increased female moth catch threefold versus any previous blend. Field trapping studies were conducted to compare moth catches in traps baited with 4-K versus the use of sex pheromone, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (PH) in combination with PE and AA. Trials were conducted in orchards left either untreated, or treated with PH or PH + PE. Traps baited with 4-K and 4-K + PH lures caught significantly more females than traps baited with PH + PE + AA lures. Traps baited with 4-K + PH lures caughtsignificantly more total moths than traps baited with PH + PE + AA lures in all three orchards. Adding a PH lure to traps with the 4-K lure did not affect female catch, but significantly increased male and total moth catches. These studies demonstrate that codling moth can be trapped effectively in apple under MD without the use of sex pheromone lures. The significant increase in female codling moth catch with the 4-K lure suggests that efforts to improve spray timings and action threshold determinations as well as mass trapping might be enhanced with this new lure.

Male and female moth catches of Grapholita molesta (Busck) in traps were evaluated in stone and pome fruit orchards untreated or treated with sex pheromones for mating disruption in Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, USA, and Italy from 2015 to 2017. Trials evaluated various blends loaded into either membrane cup lures or septa. Membrane lures were loaded with terpinyl acetate (TA), acetic acid (AA) and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate alone or in combinations. Two septa lures were loaded with either the three‐component sex pheromone blend for G. molesta alone or in combination with codlemone (2‐PH), the sex pheromone of Cydia pomonella (L). A third septum lure included the combination sex pheromone blend plus pear ester, (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate (2‐PH/PE), and a fourth septum was loaded with only β‐ocimene. Results were consistent across geographical areas showing that the addition of β‐ocimene or (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate did not increase moth catches. The addition of pear ester to the sex pheromone lure marginally increased moth catches. The use of TA and AA together significantly increased moth catches compared with the use of only one of the two components. Traps with the TA/AA lure outperformed the Ajar trap baited with a liquid TA plus sugar bait. The emission rate of AA was not a significant factor affecting the performance of the TA/AA lure. The addition of TA/AA significantly increased moth catches when combined with the 2‐PH lure. The TA/AA lure also allowed traps to catch both sexes. Catch of C. pomonella with the 2‐PH lure was comparable to the use of codlemone; however, moth catch was significantly reduced with the 2‐PH/PE lure. Optimization of these complex lures can likely further improve managers’ ability to monitor G. molesta and help to develop multispecies tortricid lures for use in individual traps.

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Abstract:The Pear Psyllid, Cacopsylla bidens (Šulc, 1907), is here reported from the Department of Canelones, the major region of pear production in Uruguay. Previous records of C. pyricola (Foerster, 1848) from Uruguay are misidentifications of C. bidens. Information is provided on the taxonomy and biology of this species.

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Citation Mujica V, Zoppolo R. Mejoras al manejo de plagas en frutales de carozo dentro de una estrategia regional. Agrociencia Uruguay [Internet]. 2021 [cited dd mmm yyyy];25(NE1):405. Available from: http://agrocienciauruguay. uy/ojs/index.php/agrociencia/article/view/405 Improvement of pest control in stone fruits within an areawide strategy Mejoras al manejo de plagas en frutales de carozo dentro de una estrategia regional Melhoras ao manejo de pragas em frutais de caroço dentro de uma estrategia regional

While chemical control is still the primary strategy for insect pest management in fruit production, alternative strategies such as biological control need to be incorporated. Biological control may benefit from the behavioral manipulation of natural enemies using volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Among these, herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) provide potential tools for attracting or retaining predators and parasitoids of insect pests. In southern South America, the pear psylla Cacopsylla bidens (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) has become a major pest in pear orchards. In this study, we identified VOCs emitted by pear plants in response to attack by C. bidens and compared these with VOCs induced by a leaf-chewing insect, Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Moreover, we evaluated the behavioral response of Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to HIPVs from pear plants damaged by either herbivore. Plants damaged by the pear psylla emitted VOC blends with increased amounts of aliphatic aldehydes. In contrast, leafroller damage resulted in increased amounts of benzeneacetonitrile, (E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene, ꞵ-ocimene and caryophyllene. In olfactometer bioassays, larvae of C. externa were attracted to herbivore-damaged plants when contrasted with undamaged plants. When plant odors from psylla-damaged were contrasted with those of leafroller-damaged plants, C. externa larvae preferred the former, also showing shorter response lag-times and higher response rates when psylla-damaged plants were present. Our results suggest that psylla-induced aliphatic aldehydes may be used as prey-specific chemical cues by chrysopid larvae. Our findings contributes to the general notion of using semiochemicals as tools for attracting and retaining natural enemies in agroecosystems.