Industry 4.0 is a revolution in manufacturing by introducing disruptive technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud-computing into the heart of the factory. The resulting increased automation and the improved production synergy between stocks, supply chains and customer demands, come along with the threats and attacks from the Internet. Despite extensive literature on the cybersecurity topic, many actors in manufacturing factories are just realizing the impact of cybersecurity in the preservation of their business. This paper introduces step-by-step the concepts and practical aspects of an Industry 4.0 manufacturing factory that are related to cybersecurity. Based on a subdivision of a typical factory into several generic perimeters, we present the vulnerabilities and threats regarding the network and devices usually found in each perimeter. Therefore, it is more efficient to present the recent proposals of the literature regarding cybersecurity guidelines and solutions in Industry 4.0. Instead of spreading a lot of references regarding every aspect of cybersecurity, we focused on a limited number of papers among the recent references. However, for each paper, we provide the details about the purpose of the proposal, the methodology adopted, the technical solution developed and its evaluation by the authors. These solutions range from classical cybersecurity countermeasures to innovative ones, such as those based on honeypots and digital twins. In order to deliver a review also useful to non scientists, we present our guidelines along with those of some organizations involved in cybersecurity harmonization and standardization in the world.
Understanding the drivers of species distribution is necessary in order to properly predict the future geographical ranges of colonizing species. Yet this task is challenging for species involved in intimate interactions, such as parasites, since their distribution is likely shaped by a complex interplay between environmental‐related and host‐related factors. Here we developed an original approach combining species distribution models (SDMs) and population genomics to test whether the local environmental conditions or the host genomic background most likely limits the colonization of an emerging freshwater fish ectoparasite, Tracheliastes polycolpus. We hypothesized that the absence of T. polycolpus in some areas may be due to an unsuitable environment in these areas (the ‘environmental suitability hypothesis') and/or to the presence of resistant hosts in these areas (the ‘genomic background hypothesis'). Using a SDM set at the French spatial extent, we first found that the environmental conditions of an uninfected area were as suitable for the parasite as those of infected areas. Then, using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) data at the host genome scale, we demonstrated that there was a strong association between the spatial occurrence of parasites and the host genomic background. In particular, the area in which the parasite was absent sustained a unique host population from a genomic standpoint, and ninety SNPs were significantly associated to the infection status (parasitized versus unparasitized) of individual hosts. We concluded that the spatial distribution of T. polycolpus (and its colonization potential) was more likely limited by intrinsic host characteristics associated to parasite resistance, rather than to the local environmental conditions. This study illustrates the usefulness of combining modeling and genomic approaches to reveal the determinants of species distribution and to improve predictions about their future ranges.
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