A Review of Cybersecurity Guidelines for Manufacturing Factories in Industry 4.0

This paper introduces a procedure to compare the functional behaviour of individual units of electronic hardware of the same type. The primary use case for this method is to estimate the functional integrity of an unknown device unit based on the behaviour of a known and proven reference unit. This method is based on the so-called virtual sensor network (VSN) approach, where the output quantity of a physical sensor measurement is replicated by a virtual model output. In the present study, this approach is extended to model the functional behaviour of electronic hardware by a neural network (NN) with Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) layers to encapsulate potential time-dependence of the signals. The proposed method is illustrated and validated on measurements from a remote-controlled drone, which is operated with two variants of controller hardware: a reference controller unit and a malfunctioning counterpart. It is demonstrated that the presented approach successfully identifies and describes the unexpected behaviour of the test device. In the presented case study, the model outputs a signal sample prediction in 0.14 ms and achieves a reconstruction accuracy of the validation data with a root mean square error (RMSE) below 0.04 relative to the data range. In addition, three self-protection features (multidimensional boundary-check, Mahalanobis distance, auxiliary autoencoder NN) are introduced to gauge the certainty of the VSN model output.

Section: Cybersecuritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Protected Virtual Sensor Network for Microcontroller Fault Detection

Sternharz

Skackauskas

Elhalwagy

et al. 2022

“…[ 108 ], the authors propose a defense framework based on sdn that consists of a model for traffic management and anomaly detection. Based on this framework, the authors studied the use of this methodology for iot networks and for scada systems [ 84 ], in which it allowed the extraction of traffic patterns to detect and prevent various network attacks such as arp spoofing, replay attacks and detect malicious command forwarding behaviors.…”

Section: Review Of Selected Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[108], the authors propose a defense framework based on Software Defined Network (SDN) that consists of a model for traffic management and anomaly detection. Based on this framework, the authors studied the use of this methodology for IoT networks and for SCADA systems [84], in which it allowed the extraction of traffic patterns to detect and prevent various network attacks such as Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) spoofing, replay attacks and detect malicious command forwarding behaviors. • Social Engineering-Defense strategies for social engineering can include collaborators training to recognize sensitive information requests (phone numbers, emails, etc.)…”

Section: Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Attacks, Vulnerabilities, and Defenses in Industry 4.0 with New Challenges on Data Sovereignty Ahead

Pedreira

Barros

Pinto

2021

The concepts brought by Industry 4.0 have been explored and gradually applied.The cybersecurity impacts on the progress of Industry 4.0 implementations and their interactions with other technologies require constant surveillance, and it is important to forecast cybersecurity-related challenges and trends to prevent and mitigate these impacts. The contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) it presents the results of a systematic review of industry 4.0 regarding attacks, vulnerabilities and defense strategies, (2) it details and classifies the attacks, vulnerabilities and defenses mechanisms, and (3) it presents a discussion of recent challenges and trends regarding cybersecurity-related areas for Industry 4.0. From the systematic review, regarding the attacks, the results show that most attacks are carried out on the network layer, where dos-related and mitm attacks are the most prevalent ones. Regarding vulnerabilities, security flaws in services and source code, and incorrect validations in authentication procedures are highlighted. These are vulnerabilities that can be exploited by dos attacks and buffer overflows in industrial devices and networks. Regarding defense strategies, Blockchain is presented as one of the most relevant technologies under study in terms of defense mechanisms, thanks to its ability to be used in a variety of solutions, from Intrusion Detection Systems to the prevention of Distributed dos attacks, and most defense strategies are presented as an after-attack solution or prevention, in the sense that the defense mechanisms are only placed or thought, only after the harm has been done, and not as a mitigation strategy to prevent the cyberattack. Concerning challenges and trends, the review shows that digital sovereignty, cyber sovereignty, and data sovereignty are recent topics being explored by researchers within the Industry 4.0 scope, and GAIA-X and International Data Spaces are recent initiatives regarding data sovereignty. A discussion of trends is provided, and future challenges are pointed out.

“…Specifically, the jamming attacks are being studied in diverse scenarios to generate countermeasures [7]. In Industrial IoT systems (IIoT), the DoS attacks against cyber-physical production systems (CPPS) are particularly detrimental to the production and to the safety of the workers [8]. Therefore, the attention of these types of attacks are being increased owing to the notorious impact on the business and factories.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of the IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol for Smart Environments under Jamming Attacks

López-Vilos

Valencia-Cordero

Azurdia-Meza

et al. 2021

Jamming attacks in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) scenarios are detrimental to the performance of these networks and affect the security and stability of the service perceived by users. Therefore, the evaluation of the effectiveness of smart environment platforms based on WSNs has to consider the system performance when data collection is executed under jamming attacks. In this work, we propose an experimental testbed to analyze the performance of a WSN using the IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA/CA unslotted mode under jamming attacks in terms of goodput, packet receive rate (PRR), and energy consumption to assess the risk for users and the network in the smart scenario. The experimental results show that constant and reactive jamming strategies severely impact the evaluated performance metrics and the variance’ of the received signal strength (RSS) for some signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) ranges. The measurements obtained using the experimental testbed were correlated with analytical models. The results show that in the presence of one interferer, for SINR values higher than 4.5 dB, the PRR is almost 0.99, and the goodput 3.05 Kbps, but the system performance is significantly degraded when the amount of interferers increases. Additionally, the energy efficiency associated with reactive strategies is superior to the constant attack strategy. Finally, based on the evaluated metrics and with the proposed experimental testbed, our findings offer a better understanding of jamming attacks on the sensor devices in real smart scenarios.