Unsustainable irrigation of chernozems can lead to secondary salinization and other negative consequences. The purpose of the research was to assess the fertility and hydrochemical composition of meadow-chernozem soil of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia under conditions of prolonged irrigation. The surveys were carried out in the fields of the agricultural production cooperative (APC) “Pushkinsky” and Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FSUE) “Omskoye”; cultivation technology – adaptive system of irrigated agriculture. The studies were conducted in 2015–2020 on the Pushkin irrigation system. The object of the research – irrigated meadow-chernozem heavy loamy soil. The methods of route field research and laboratory analyzes were used. The results obtained were compared with the baseline values (1978). With long-term irrigation and intensive agricultural use, the fertility indicators of meadow-chernozem soil did not significantly deteriorate. The arable horizons have a neutral and close to neutral reaction (pH 5.8–6.2), average humus content (5.9–7.2%). The supply of nitrate nitrogen, as a rule, remained at a low and medium level (6.0–14.7 mg/kg) due to the high removal by vegetative crops and the absence of fallow fields in the structure of irrigated arable land. Long-term systematic application of phosphorus-containing fertilizers and creation of a positive P balance led to the improvement of soil phosphate status (99–177 mg/kg). The content of exchangeable potassium remains high (144–353 mg/kg) and is stable over time, which is a feature of chernozems with a heavy particle size distribution. The content of mobile forms of lead, zinc and cadmium does not exceed approximate permissible concentrations in the soil. When analyzing the cation-anionic composition of the water extract of the soil profile of FSUE “Omskoe”, a weak salinity of the chloride type was revealed in the 0.6-1.4 m layer; of the sulfate-chloride type – in the 1.4-1.8 m layer. In the future, it may lead to secondary salinization and serve as a limiting factor for high yields. The absorbing complex of meadow-chernozem soil in the southern forest-steppe is highly saturated with bases. Sodium concentration is minimal; calcium and magnesium cations prevail. The groundwater samples are moderately fresh and of good quality. Among the anions, HCО3- prevails, among the cations – Mg2+ and Ca2+, which indicates the need to control the groundwater level to maintain a favorable ecological state of meadow-chernozem soil.
In today’s Russia, there is a constant clash of opinions when it comes to perceptions of the past, and to what can be learned from Russia’s Soviet experience in general and Stalinist repression in particular. A consensus which seemed just over the horizon between 1998 and 1991 now grows ever more distant. Nearly half of those surveyed in 2017 say that Stalin should not be seen as a state criminal; that the repressions are best discussed less rather than more, and that there is nothing to be gained by dredging up the past. The only way for Russia to pursue a future of democracy and respect for human rights is to leave all of that baggage behind. How has this come to be? What are the roots of these myths of a great and just Stalin that now emerge 65 years after his death? A series of scholars posit that the key lies in Russian society itself, with its tendency towards being ruled with a firm hand and a state that merely takes a neutral position between the liberals and the Stalinists. Others assert that these are successful constructs of the Kremlin, which seeks to inculcate domestic support for authoritarian rule. In order to resolve this disagreement, we studied the book market for Stalin-related literature published within the last twenty years. The study indicates that the market comprises two mostly separate areas: books by Stalin apologists on the one hand, and books by professional historians and recollections by victims of repressions on the other. Quantitative analysis shows that the former receive markedly greater support, which reflects the state’s role over the past fifteen years in forming a positive image of Stalin.
The article is devoted to the problem of protection of Russian citizens living and working in foreign countries, which is relevant in modern Russian jurisprudence. The deterioration of the international situation makes this topic even more relevant, since the rights of Russian citizens abroad are increasingly violated, and existing bilateral agreements are not being implemented. It is proposed to consider the problem of Russian citizens abroad in the complex of protection of group rights, which requires clarifying the concept of group rights, including categories of groups of citizens living in foreign countries, determining the legal status and characteristics of these groups. The creation of a single legal space for individual and group rights should create conditions for the activation of the state and the public’s activities for the legal protection of Russian citizens abroad, and support the cultural and economic ties of Russian diasporas with Russia.
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