The purpose of this article was to evaluate socioeconomic and demographic indicators, reproductive health, use of prenatal, childbirth, and neonatal services, and anthropometric data for mothers and infants. The authors performed a cross-sectional analysis of a systematic sample of 2,831 hospital births in São Luís, Maranhão State, from March 1997 to February 1998 at ten public and private maternity hospitals. The sample was stratified proportionally according to the number of births in each maternity hospital. Mothers answered a standard questionnaire. Of the total, 97.9% were live births and 98% were singletons. Prenatal coverage was 89.5%, and prevalence of cesarean sections was 33.8%. A physician provided prenatal care in 75.7% of cases and performed 73.8% of the deliveries. The Unified Health System covered the costs of 76.4% of the prenatal visits and 89.7% of the deliveries. A pediatrician was present in the delivery room in 50.2% of cases. The low birth weight rate was 9.6% and the preterm birth rate 13.9%. Reasons for concern included a high percentage of adolescent mothers, single mothers (or without partners), the high cesarean rate, and the high percentage of births attended by unqualified personnel.

O paradoxo epidemiológico do baixo peso ao nascer no Brasil ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the low birth weight (LBW) paradox exists in Brazil. METHODS:LBW and cesarean section rates between 1995 and 2007 were estimated based on data from SINASC (Brazilian Live Births Database). Infant mortality rates (IMRs) were obtained using an indirect method that correct for underreporting. Schooling information was obtained from census data. Trends in LBW rate were assessed using joinpoint regression models. The correlations between LBW rate and other indicators were graphically assessed by lowess regression and tested using Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS:In Brazil, LBW rate trends were non-linear and non-signifi cant: the rate dropped from 7.9% in 1995 to 7.7% in 2000, then increased to 8.2% in 2003 and remained nearly steady thereafter at 8.2% in 2007. However, trends varied among Brazilian regions: there were signifi cant increases in the North from 1999 to 2003 (2.7% per year), and in the South (1.0% per year) and Central-West regions (0.6% per year) from 1995 to 2007. For the entire period studied, higher LBW and lower IMRs were seen in more developed compared to less developed regions. In Brazilian States, in 2005, the higher the IMR rate, the lower the LBW rate (p=0.009); the lower the low schooling rate, the lower the LBW rate (p=0.007); the higher the number of neonatal intensive care beds per 1,000 live births, the higher the LBW rate (p=0.036). CONCLUSIONS:The low birth weight paradox was seen in Brazil. LBW rate is increasing in some Brazilian regions. Regional differences in LBW rate seem to be more associated to availability of perinatal care services than underlying social conditions.

Resumo ObjetivoVerificar a concordância entre as informações constantes no Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc) referentes a partos hospitalares e aquelas obtidas por inquérito seccional (padrão-ouro). Métodos Realizou-se inquérito por amostragem em 2.831 partos hospitalares ocorridos em dez maternidades do município de São Luís, MA, abrangendo cerca de 98% dos nascimentos hospitalares da cidade. O arquivo do Sinasc foi comparado com os dados do inquérito perinatal após a realização de linkage por programa de computador. Foram analisados: a cobertura estimada do Sinasc em relação aos nascimentos hospitalares verificados, o percentual de informação ignorada ou não preenchida e o grau de concordância entre as informações constantes no arquivo do Sinasc com o arquivo perinatal. Na medida da concordância, foram utilizados o indicador "kappa", no caso de variáveis qualitativas, e a correlação intraclasse, em se tratando de variáveis quantitativas. Resultados A cobertura estimada do Sinasc foi de 75,8% (IC95%; 73,3%-78,2%). Os campos do Sinasc que apresentaram boa confiabilidade foram: peso ao nascer, sexo, hospital de nascimento, tipo de parto e idade materna. As estimativas do baixo peso ao nascer foram semelhantes nas duas pesquisas e a concordância foi alta (kappa=0,94). Entretanto, a prematuridade foi mais alta no inquérito (11,2%) do que no Sinasc (1,7%), e a concordância foi baixa (kappa=0,09). Conclusão A cobertura estimada do Sinasc foi baixa. A análise do arquivo do Sinasc mostrou que a cobertura estimada foi baixa; a taxa de baixo peso ao nascer parece ter boa validade e reprodutibilidade; e a taxa de prematuridade está subestimada.

Many people in Amazonian communities have reported bat bites in the last decade. Bites by vampire bats can potentially transmit rabies to humans. The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated with bat biting in one of these communities. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a village of gold miners in the Amazonian region of Brazil (160 inhabitants). Bats were captured near people's houses and sent to a lab. Of 129 people interviewed, 41% had been attacked by a bat at least once, with 92% of the bites located on the lower limbs. A logistic regression found that adults were bitten around four times more often than children (OR = 3.75, CI 95%: 1.46-9.62, p = 0.036). Males were bitten more frequently than females (OR = 2.08, CI 95%: 0.90-4.76, p = 0.067). Nine Desmodus rotundus and three frugivorous bats were captured and tested negative for rabies. The study suggests that, in an area of gold miners, common vampire bats are more likely to attack adults and males. The control strategy for human rabies developed in this region should therefore place special emphasis on adult males. There should also be more research on how the search for gold in the Amazonian region places people and the environment at risk.

This paper evaluates the association of maternal variables and of variables related to prena

Preterm birth continues to be one of the main causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The objective of the present study was to identify risk factors for preterm birth in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. The sample consisted of hospital births at 10 public and private hospitals from March 1, 1997 to February 28, 1998. A total of 2,443 live births were randomly selected, excluding multiple deliveries and stillbirths. Preterm birth rate in São Luís was 12.7%. Risk factors for preterm delivery were maternal age below 18 years, family income equal to or less than one minimum wage/ month, primiparity, vaginal delivery at a public hospital, single mothers (or living without a partner), and absence of prenatal care. The following factors remained associated with preterm birth after multivariate analysis to control for confounding: maternal age below 18 years (OR=1.9), primiparity (OR=1.5), and failure to appear for scheduled prenatal care visits (OR=1.5).

Objective: To describe the clinical, radiological and endoscopic characteristics of foreign body aspiration among individuals under the age of 15 treated at a referral center in the city of São Luís, Brazil. Methods: This was a descriptive study using data from the medical charts of patients treated for foreign body aspiration at the Hospital Universitário Materno Infantil between 1995 and 2005. We investigated 72 confirmed cases of foreign body aspiration, evaluating the place of residence, as well as biological, clinical, radiological and endoscopic variables. We used the chi-square test to identify statistically significant differences in frequency among the variables studied. Results: The majority of the patients were from outlying areas (55.6%). The following variables presented the highest frequencies: 0-3 year age bracket (81.9%); male gender (63.9%); evolution > 24 h (66.7%); hypotransparency on chest X-ray (57.7%); foreign body in the right lung (41.2%) or in the larynx (20.5%); organic nature of the foreign body (83.3%); complication in the form of localized inflammation (59.4%); glottal edema as an endoscopic complication (47.6%); and seeds (46.6%), fish bone (28.3%) or plastics (25.5%) as the type of foreign body. There were no deaths. Conclusions: Preventive care should be a priority for male children under the age of 3 living in outlying areas. Such children should not be given access to substances that can be aspirated, including certain foodstuffs. Simple and easily accessible radiological tests have been underused, which jeopardizes the quality of the initial treatment.Keywords: Foreign bodies; Inhalation; Bronchoscopy. ResumoObjetivo: Descrever as características clínicas, radiológicas e endoscópicas da aspiração de corpo estranho por menores de 15 anos em um centro de referência em São Luís, MA. Métodos: Estudo descritivo realizado a partir de dados de prontuários dos pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universitário Materno Infantil devido à aspiração de corpo estranho entre 1995 e 2005. Avaliamos 72 casos confirmados de aspiração de corpo estranho em relação à procedência, variáveis biológicas, clínico-radiológicas e endoscópicas. Para verificar se as frequências observadas das variáveis em estudo foram estatisticamente significantes, utilizamos o teste do qui-quadrado. Resultados: A maioria do pacientes era procedente das cidades do interior (55,6%). As maiores frequências das diferentes variá-veis estudadas foram as seguintes: faixa etária de 0-3 anos (81,9%); sexo masculino (63,9%); tempo de evolução > 24 h (66,7%); hipotransparência na radiografia de tórax (57,7%); localização do corpo estranho no pulmão direito (41,2%) ou na laringe (20.5%); natureza orgânica do corpo estranho (83,3%); complicação como processo inflamatório localizado (59,4%); edema de glote como complicação do exame endoscópico (47,6%); e sementes (46,6%), espinha de peixe (28,3%) e plásticos (25,5%) como tipos mais frequentes de corpos estranhos aspirados. Não houve óbitos. Conclusões: Cuidados preventivos devem p...

OBJECTIVE: To compare estimates of low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA), and infant mortality in two birth cohorts in Brazil. METHODS: The two cohorts were performed during the 1990s, in São Luís, located in a less developed area in Northeastern Brazil, and Ribeirão Preto, situated in a more developed region in Southeastern Brazil. Data from one-third of all live births in Ribeirão Preto in 1994 were collected (2,839 single deliveries). In São Luís, systematic sampling of deliveries stratified by maternity hospital was performed from 1997 to 1998 (2,439 single deliveries). The chi-squared (for categories and trends) and Student t tests were used in the statistical analyses. RESULTS: The LBW rate was lower in São Luís, thus presenting an epidemiological paradox. The preterm birth rates were similar, although expected to be higher in Ribeirão Preto because of the direct relationship between preterm birth and LBW. Dissociation between LBW and infant mortality was observed, since São Luís showed a lower LBW rate and higher infant mortality, while the opposite occurred in Ribeirão Preto. CONCLUSIONS: Higher prevalence of maternal smoking and better access to and quality of perinatal care, thereby leading to earlier medical interventions (cesarean section and induced preterm births) that resulted in more low weight live births than stillbirths in Ribeirão Preto, may explain these paradoxes. The ecological dissociation observed between LBW and infant mortality indicates that the LBW rate should no longer be systematically considered as an indicator of social development.