Stream water quality is controlled by the interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Among these anthropogenic factors, land cover changes at catchment scale can affect stream water quality. This work aims to evaluate the influence of land use and seasonality on stream water quality in a representative tropical headwater catchment named as Córrego Água Limpa (Sao Paulo, Brasil), which is highly influenced by intensive agricultural activities and urban areas. Two systematic sampling approach campaigns were implemented with six sampling points along the stream of the headwater catchment to evaluate water quality during the rainy and dry seasons. Three replicates were collected at each sampling point in 2011. Electrical conductivity, nitrates, nitrites, sodium superoxide, Chemical Oxygen Demand (DQO), colour, turbidity, suspended solids, soluble solids and total solids were measured. Water quality parameters differed among sampling points, being lower at the headwater sampling point (0m above sea level), and then progressively higher until the last downstream sampling point (2500m above sea level). For the dry season, the mean discharge was 39.5ls (from April to September) whereas 113.0ls were averaged during the rainy season (from October to March). In addition, significant temporal and spatial differences were observed (P<0.05) for the fourteen parameters during the rainy and dry period. The study enhance significant relationships among land use and water quality and its temporal effect, showing seasonal differences between the land use and water quality connection, highlighting the importance of multiple spatial and temporal scales for understanding the impacts of human activities on catchment ecosystem services.

RESUMOO objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar e comparar a qualidade da água de quatro nascentes em diferentes coberturas de terra e conservação da vegetação no Córrego Pimenta. As coletas de água foram realizadas mensalmente durante um ano, avaliando dez parâmetros físico-químicos, sendo que os dados foram submetidos ao Teste de Tukey. A nascente um (N1) possui mata ciliar preservada; a nascente dois (N2) possui mata ciliar perturbada; a nascente três (N3) possui bambuzal e mata ciliar, e está degradada; a nascente quatro (N4) tem cobertura de pastagem e se encontra em degradação. As nascentes N1 e N2 tiveram os valores inferiores em temperatura, turbidez, cor, nitrato, nitrito e ferro, e valores próximos à neutralidade em pH. A N3 mostrou os valores inferiores para condutividade elétrica, TDS, salinidade e pH. As nascentes N1 e N2 indicaram que sete parâmetros foram melhores na qualidade da água, demonstrando que a mata ciliar auxilia em sua proteção qualitativa da água.Palavras-chave: nascente, mata ciliar, parâmetros físico-químicos, pastagem. Indicative Parameters for Water Quality in Water Springs with Different Land Cover and Conservation of Riparian Vegetation ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the water quality of four water springs located in different land cover types and conservation of vegetation along the Pimenta stream. Water sampling was conducted monthly for one year. Ten physicochemical parameters were evaluated and data were submitted to the Tukey test. Water spring number one (N1) is located in an area of preserved riparian forest; water spring number two (N2) is located in an area of disturbed riparian forest; water spring number three (N3) is in an area of disturbed bamboo and riparian forest; and water spring number four (N4) is in a degrading area of pasture cover. N1 and N2 showed lower values for the parameters of temperature, turbidity, color, nitrate, nitrite and iron, and pH values close to neutral. N3 showed lower values for electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity and pH. The results found for N1 and N2 indicate that seven parameters were higher regarding water quality, which demonstrates that native vegetation can help protect water quality.

AVALIAÇÃO DO ESCOAMENTO E INTERCEPTAÇÃO DA ÁGUA DAS CHUVAS  VALDEMIR ANTONIO RODRIGUES1; RODRIGO M. SÁNCHEZ-ROMÁN1; JOSÉ MARIA TARJUELO2; MARIA MÁRCIA PEREIRA SARTORI1 E ANTONIO RUIZ CANALES3 (1)Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas -Universidade Estadual Paulista. UNESP. Botucatu - SP - Brasil.(2)Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Agrícola - Universidad CastillaLa Mancha. UCLM. Albacete. Espanha.(3)Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela - Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Orihuele Espanha.E-mails: valdemirrodrigues@fca.unesp.br, rmsroman@fca.unesp.br, jose.tarjuelo@uclm.es,mmpsartori@fca.unesp.br, aruizcanales@gmail.com,  1 RESUMO Os objetivos foram quantificar o escoamento superficial em diferentes coberturas do solo; analisar a função da vegetação na interceptação da água e controle da erosão; discutir os fatores que alteram a dinâmica da água em parcelas experimentais. O trabalho foi realizado na fazenda São Manuel, no estado de São Paulo (FCA/UNESP), em parcelas de solos com: cobertura vegetal, gramíneas, sem cobertura vegetal e solo impermeabilizado. As simulações de chuvas foram realizadas com quatro tempos de duração. Os tipos de cobertura do solo, intensidade das precipitações, influenciaram no escoamento superficial com maior sedimentação, enquanto que no solo com vegetação ocorreu interceptação pelas copas e menor mobilização de sedimentos. O coeficiente de escoamento superficial foi baixo na presença de vegetação resultando em maior infiltração e melhor regularidade da vazão. Enquanto que a erosão e sedimentos aumentaram nos solos desprotegidos alterando a dinâmica hidrológica em microbacias. Palavras - chave: precipitação, vegetação, erosão do solo, microbacia.  RODRIGUES, V. A.; ROMÁN, R. M. S.; TARJUELO, J. M.; SARTORI, M. M. P;RUIZ CANALES, A.EVALUATION OF RUNOFF AND INTERCEPTION OF RAINFALL  2 ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to quantify the surface runoff in different soil covers; analyze the effect of the forest on  water interception and on  erosion control; discuss the factors affecting water dynamics in experimental plots. The study was conducted at the São Manuel farm, São Paulo State - FCA/UNESP, in soil plots as follows: with vegetative cover, grasses, without vegetative cover and impervious soil. Rainfall simulations were performed using four time periods. The types of soil covering and  rainfall intensity affected surface runoff causing higher sedimentation, whereas interception by the canopies and lower  sediment mobilization were found  in soil with vegetation.     The coefficient of surface runoff was low in the presence of vegetation, leading to higher infiltration and better flow regularity, whereas  erosion and sediments increased in unprotected soils affecting hydrological dynamics in micro watersheds.  Keywords:  precipitation, vegetation, soil erosion, micro watershed.

Given the intrinsic hydrological cycle made of large input of water vapour and intense precipitation producing large volumes of water and sediment, modelling runoff and water losses in humid tropical watersheds is important for forest and water resources management. For instance, reliable simulations of the water cycle in such environments are a prerequisite for predictions of water quality, soil erosion and the climate change effects on water resources. The distributed parameter, physically based, continuous simulation, daily time step AnnAGNPS model, was implemented in almost completely forested (98% of its area, 0.56 km) Cunha watershed (Brazil) to assess its capability to simulate hydrological processes under tropical conditions. The simulated surface runoff was compared to 4-year observations with statistical indices on several time scales. The model, running with default CN of forest, showed poor predictions of runoff. After increasing CN from 63 to 72 by calibration, the runoff prediction capability of AnnAGNPS was satisfactory on annual, seasonal and monthly scales, while daily runoff predictions were less accurate. Modelling water losses at event scale showed that the effect of forest vegetation on water retention during a single precipitation was more limited than for longer periods (months, seasons and years), since evapo-transpiration and interception account for small shares (>20%) of total precipitation. This study demonstrated that the AnnAGNPS model has reliable runoff prediction capacity in tropical forest watersheds at the annual and seasonal scales (E > 0.73), whereas daily runoff simulations are less accurate (E = 0.44). The use of this model may prove an important tool for water resource and territory management in tropical rainforests.

In tropical headwater streams information on water quality are in general scarce. • Both land use and sampling distances influence water quality of headwaters. • Springs with riparian vegetation show better conditions in the aquatic environment. • In springs with pasture/agriculture and degraded vegetation water quality is worse. • Aquatic environment of headwaters is very sensitive to changes in the environment.

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REDISTRIBUIÇÃO DA PRECIPTAÇÃO EM SERINGUEIRA  Valdemir Antonio RodriguesDepartamento de Recursos Naturais, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, valdemirrodrigues@fca.unesp.br  1 RESUMO O presente trabalho de pesquisa foi desenvolvido em um povoamento de seringueira, clone RRIM 600, com 15 anos de idade, na região de José Bonifácio - SP, situado a 21°03’ latitude (S), 49°41’ de longitude (W) e altitude de490 m, à montante da microbacia do córrego da Barra Grande. A pesquisa teve a finalidade de avaliar a redistribuição das precipitações no ano hídrico 1995/96, estimar a  precipitação total, interna e efetiva, escoamento pelo tronco e a interceptação pelas copas do seringal. Foram instalados, a céu aberto e sob o dossel das árvores, pluviômetros e interceptômetros de tronco  para quantificar (mm) a redistribuição das chuvas. A precipitação média anual foi de1053,6 mm, a precipitação interna de699,4 mme o escoamento pelo tronco, de92,3 mm. A interceptação pelas copas e a precipitação efetiva resultaram em 261,9 e791,7 mm; sendo estes,  respectivamente, 24,9% e 75,1% do total da precipitação total incidente no seringal.  UNITERMOS: precipitação, precipitação interna e efetiva, escoamento pelo tronco, interceptação pelas copas, seringueira.  RODRIGUES, V. R. REDISTRIBUTION OF THE PRECIPTATION IN RUBBER TREE  2 ABSTRACT The present work of research was developed in rubber tree plantation, clone RRIM 600, with 15 years of age, in the region of Jose Bonifácio - SP, situated 21°03' latitude (s), 49°41' of longitude (w) and 490 altitude of m, to the sum of the micro watershed of the river Barra Grande. The research had the purpose to evaluate the redistribution of precipitations in hidric year 1995/96, esteem the rain precipitation, effective, throughfall, stemflow and the interception by canopies of the rubber tree. They had been installed the open sky and under the canopy of the trees rain gauges and interception of trunk to quantify (mm) the redistribution of rains. The annual average rain precipitation was of1053,6 mm, the throughfall of699,4 mmand stemflow for the92,3 mm. the interception by canopies and the precipitation effective had resulted in 261,9 and791,7 mm; being these respectively 24.9% and 75.1% of the rain precipitation in the rubber tree. KEY WORDS: rain precipitation, throughfall and effective, stemflow, interception by canopies, rubber tree.

APLICABILIDADE DO MODELO HIDROLÓGICO SWAT NA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO PARAIBUNA, SP - BRASIL     CAIO VINICIUS FERREIRA MARMONTEL¹; TERESA CRISTINA TARLÉ PISSARRA²; MAURÍCIO RANZINI³ E VALDEMIR ANTONIO RODRIGUES4   ¹Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Avenida Universitária, nº 3780, Altos do Paraíso, CEP 18610-034,Botucatu-SP, Brasil, caioomarmontel@gmail.com ²Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Via de Acesso Profº. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Altos do Paraíso, CEP 18610-034, Jaboticabal-SP, Brasil, teresap1204@gmail.com ³Seção de Engenharia Florestal, Divisão de Dasonomia, Instituto Florestal do Estado de São Paulo, Rua do Horto, 931, Altos do Paraíso, CEP 18610-034, São Paulo-SP, Brasil, ranzini@gmail.com 4Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Avenida Universitária, nº 3780, Altos do Paraíso, CEP 18610-034, Botucatu-SP, Brasil, valdemirrodrigues@fca.unesp.br     1 RESUMO   A água disponível para o consumo humano vem se tornando cada vez mais escassa. Diante desse problema, uma possibilidade de melhorar a compreensão do comportamento hidrológico, é a utilização de tecnologias, em especial a integração do SIG com a modelagem hidrológica. O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a aplicabilidade do modelo hidrológico SWAT para estimação de vazões em um trecho da bacia hidrográfica do rio Paraibuna - Vale do Paraíba, região da Mata Atlântica, um dos formadores do rio Paraíba do Sul. Os dados climáticos e fluviométricos foram coletados com uma série histórica de 22 anos. Na calibração e validação verificou-se boa aderência entre os dados simulados e observados, ou seja, os valores simulados reconheceram os picos e recessões dos valores observados. Os índices estatísticos (NS, PBIAS, RSR e R²) calculados foram qualificados como “muito bom” para a estimação das vazões. Os resultados confirmaram a aplicabilidade do modelo, dessa forma, pode servir como ferramenta para planejamento e gestão de políticas públicas dos recursos hídricos em bacias hidrográficas, na região da Mata Atlântica. O modelo hidrológico SWAT mostrou-se muito bom e apto para estimação de vazões e do balanço hídrico na área de estudo.   Palavras-chave: água, calibração, mata atlântica, validação, vazão     MARMONTEL, C. V. F.; PISSARRA, T. C. T.; RANZINI, M. E RODRIGUES, V. A. APPLICABILITY OF THE SWAT HYDROLOGICAL MODEL IN PARAIBUNA RIVER BASIN, SP – BRAZIL     2 ABSTRACT   The water available for human consumption is becoming increasingly scarce. Faced with this problem, one possibility to improve the understanding of water behavior, is the use of technologies, particularly the integration of GIS with hydrological modeling. The present study is intended to test the applicability of SWAT hydrological model for flow estimation in the stretch of Paraibuna river basin - Paraiba Valley, in the Atlantic Forest region, in the state of São Paulo, one of the tributaries of Paraíba do Sul river.  Climatic and fluviometric data were collected with a historical series of 22 years. In the calibration and validation, good adherence was observed across simulated and observed data, that is, the simulated values recognized the peaks and recessions of the observed values. The statistical indices (NS, PBIAS, RSR and R²) calculated were qualified as "very good" for the estimation of flows. The results confirmed the applicability of the model, so it can serve as a tool for planning and management of water resources public policies in watersheds, in the Atlantic Forest region. The SWAT hydrological model was very good and suitable for estimation of flow and water balance in the stretch of the Paraibuna river basin.   Keywords: water, calibration, forest hydrology, atlantic forest, validation, discharge