This research evaluated the influence of different spatial arrangements on the growth of three Eucalyptus clones as well as the characteristics that influence the quality of the timber. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa-Beef Cattle station, Campo Grande city, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The design was in randomized blocks in a factorial scheme (3 × 3) with plots subdivided by time and four repetitions. Three clones of Eucalyptus were used (Urocam VM1, Grancam 1277 and Urograndis I144), and there were three spatial arrangements (single, double and triple row). At 20 and 32 months after planting, the variables, total plant height, diameter at breast height (DBH), volume of timber per tree, volume of timber per hectare, straightness and forking, and cylindricity were evaluated. The spatial arrangements influenced the behavior of the genetic material, and the greatest tree heights were observed in the triple row arrangements. The single row arrangement provided greater gains in DBH. The Grancam clone stood out from the others in the characteristics of straightness and forking, independent of the spatial arrangement and time of evaluation. It was concluded that the volume of timber per tree and the volume of timber per hectare were associated with the planting density, low density results in lower volume.
The guinea grass Panicum maximum, an African grass, is one of the main forage grasses in tropical America. Its propagation is mainly carried out by seeds, but seed dormancy hampers good pasture establishment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of heat treatment to overcome seed dormancy of P. maximum cultivars Milênio, Tanzânia and Mombaça. Seeds of each cultivar have been subjected to heat treatments at temperatures of 50, 60 and 70°C with exposure time for 5, 10 and 15 h. Afterwards, they were placed in germination test. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and, when significant, polynomial regression was performed, with up to 5% of probability. The variables analyzed were germination percentage, germination speed index (GSI) and average germination time (AGT). P. maximum seeds of different cultivars showed distinct responses to heat treatment. The cultivar Tanzânia responds positively to different combinations of temperature and periods of seeds exposure, and the treatment at 70°C for about 8 h is recommended to overcome dormancy with better germination performance. For cultivar Milênio, it is recommended the exposure of seeds at 70°C for 15 h. Cultivar Mombaça is negatively influenced by the heat treatment, so this treatment is not recommended.
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