Background Thyroid nodules are commonly faced by clinicians as palpable nodules or incidentally identified on imaging. Nodules that are found to be suspicious by imaging can be biopsied by fine needle aspiration, which can yield material for molecular testing to refine the diagnosis. Methods The current literature concerning molecular testing in thyroid nodules including available commercial assays was reviewed and summarized. Results/Conclusions Commonly encountered alterations include mutations in RAS, BRAF, TERT promoter, PTEN, and DICER1 as well as fusions of RET, ALK, PAX8‐PPARγ, and NTRK. This article provides a summary of these molecular alterations, commercially available molecular assays, and general considerations for thyroid epithelial malignancies and benign thyroid nodules.

Introduction: Hereditary hemolytic anemias (HHA) comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders resulting from defective red blood cell (RBC) cytoskeleton, RBC enzyme deficiencies, and hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis disorders such as thalassemia or sideroblastic anemia.Materials and Methods: Our hemolytic anemia diagnostic next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel includes 28 genes encoding RBC cytoskeletal proteins, membrane transporter, RBC enzymes, and certain bilirubin metabolism genes. The panel covers the complete coding region of these genes, splice junctions, and, wherever appropriate, deep intronic or regulatory regions are also included. Four hundred fifty-six patients with unexplained hemolytic anemia were evaluated using our NGS panel between 2015 and 2019.Results: We identified pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in 111/456 (24%) patients that were responsible for the disease phenotype (e.g., moderate to severe hemolytic anemia and hyperbilirubinemia). Approximately 40% of the mutations were novel. As expected, 45/456 (10%) patients were homozygous for the promoter polymorphism in the UGT1A1 gene, A(TA) 7 TAA (UGT1A1*28). 8/45 homozygous

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