Ligand-functionalized
nanoparticles have replaced bare nanoparticles
from most biological applications. These applications require tight
control over size and stability of nanoparticles in aqueous medium.
Understanding the mechanism of interaction of nanoparticle surfaces
with functional groups of different organic ligands such as carboxylic
acids is confounding despite the two decades of research on nanoparticles
because of the inability to characterize their surfaces in their immediate
environment. Often the surface interaction is understood by correlating
the information available, in a piecemeal approach, from surface sensitive
spectroscopic information on ligands and the bulk and surface information
on nanoparticles. In present study we report the direct interaction
of 5–7 nm cerium oxide nanoparticles surface with acetic acid.
An in-situ XPS study was carried out by freezing the aqueous solution
of nanoparticles to liquid nitrogen temperatures. Analysis of data
collected concurrently from the ligands as well as functionalized
frozen cerium oxide nanoparticles show that the acetic acid binds
to the ceria surface in both dissociated and molecular state with
equal population over the surface. The cerium oxide surface was populated
predominantly with Ce4+ ions consistent with the thermal
hydrolysis synthesis. DFT calculations reveal that the acetate ions
bind more strongly to the cerium oxide nanoparticles as compared to
the water molecules and can replace the hydration sphere of nanoparticles
resulting in high acetate/acetic surface coverage. These findings
reveal molecular level interaction between the nanoparticle surfaces
and ligands, giving a better understanding of how materials behave
in their immediate solution environment. This study also proposes
a simple and elegant methodology to directly study the surface functional
groups attached to nanoparticles in their immediate solution environment.
With the threat of increasing SARS‐CoV‐2 cases looming in front of us and no effective and safest vaccine available to curb this pandemic disease due to its sprouting variants, many countries have undergone a lockdown 2.0 or planning a lockdown 3.0. This has upstretched an unprecedented demand to develop rapid, sensitive, and highly selective diagnostic devices that can quickly detect coronavirus (COVID‐19). Traditional techniques like polymerase chain reaction have proven to be time‐inefficient, expensive, labor intensive, and impracticable in remote settings. This shifts the attention to alternative biosensing devices that can be successfully used to sense the COVID‐19 infection and curb the spread of coronavirus cases. Among these, nanomaterial‐based biosensors hold immense potential for rapid coronavirus detection because of their noninvasive and susceptible, as well as selective properties that have the potential to give real‐time results at an economical cost. These diagnostic devices can be used for mass COVID‐19 detection to understand the rapid progression of the infection and give better‐suited therapies. This review provides an overview of existing and potential nanomaterial‐based biosensors that can be used for rapid SARS‐CoV‐2 diagnostics. Novel biosensors employing different detection mechanisms are also highlighted in different sections of this review. Practical tools and techniques required to develop such biosensors to make them reliable and portable have also been discussed in the article. Finally, the review is concluded by presenting the current challenges and future perspectives of nanomaterial‐based biosensors in SARS‐CoV‐2 diagnostics.
Nanoceria has evolved as one of the promising nanomaterials due to its unique enzyme-like properties, including excellent oxidase mimetic activity, which significantly increases in the presence of fluoride ions. However,...
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) depict excellent in vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties, determined by the redox switching of surface cerium ions between its two oxidation states (Ce3+ and Ce4+)....
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