Introduction Increased mortality has been demonstrated in older adults with COVID-19, but the effect of frailty has been unclear. Methods This multi-centre cohort study involved patients aged 18 years and older hospitalised with COVID-19, using routinely collected data. We used Cox regression analysis to assess the impact of age, frailty, and delirium on the risk of inpatient mortality, adjusting for sex, illness severity, inflammation, and co-morbidities. We used ordinal logistic regression analysis to assess the impact of age, Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), and delirium on risk of increased care requirements on discharge, adjusting for the same variables. Results Data from 5,711 patients from 55 hospitals in 12 countries were included (median age 74, IQR 54–83; 55.2% male). The risk of death increased independently with increasing age (>80 vs 18–49: HR 3.57, CI 2.54–5.02), frailty (CFS 8 vs 1–3: HR 3.03, CI 2.29–4.00) inflammation, renal disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, but not delirium. Age, frailty (CFS 7 vs 1–3: OR 7.00, CI 5.27–9.32), delirium, dementia, and mental health diagnoses were all associated with increased risk of higher care needs on discharge. The likelihood of adverse outcomes increased across all grades of CFS from 4 to 9. Conclusions Age and frailty are independently associated with adverse outcomes in COVID-19. Risk of increased care needs was also increased in survivors of COVID-19 with frailty or older age.

Nitrogen isotope effects have been determined for the E 2 reaction of two quaternary ammonium salts with ethoxide ion in ethanol. Ethyltrimethylammonium iodide gave k14/k1j values of 1.017 a t 60" and 1.015 a t 95', while 2-phenylethyltrimethylarnmonium bromide gave 1.012 a t 40' and 1.009 a t 60'. These results and the p-deuterium isotope effects reported by others have been interpreted in terms of the relative extent of C,-Kt and Cp-H bond weakening in the transition states of the two reactions.

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Redox switched anthraquinone derived podands 1-(anthraquinonyloxy), 3 methoxy methane (T 1 ) and 1,5 bis-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)anthracene-9-10-dione (T 2 ) have been synthesized by condensation of 1-chloroanthraquinone, 1,5-dichloro-anthraquinone with methoxy methanol and diethylene glycol in THF under N 2 atmosphere characterized by m.p., TLC and IR, NMR, Mass analysis. Extraction and transport of metal ions in oxidized and reduced state is Ca 2 + > K + > Li + , Li + > K + > Ca 2 + . The results of the transport study reveal that ionophore T 1 and T 2 are selective for Ca 2 + ; this selectivity can be used for fabrication of ion selective electrodes and sensors. Double-armed ionophore T 2 is a good extractant and is transporter for metal ions compared to single-armed podands. Extraction and transport ability enhanced in reduced state.