We found a high burden of community-onset antimicrobial-resistant infection among patients with acute febrile illness in India. Multidrug-resistant infection was associated with prior antibiotic use and an increased risk of mortality.
BACKGROUND: Body fluids like ascitic fluids, pleural fluids, cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) etc. are sent for culture in a clinical microbiology laboratory to achieve etiological diagnosis. However the yield of such cultures is usually very low. So, ongoing monitoring of prevalent pathogenic organisms and their sensitivities help the clinicians institute therapy in absence of a culture report. AIMS: The study was done to identify the common pathogens isolated from body fluids along with their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and also to evaluate the impact of enrichment on their culture positivity. SETTING AND DESIGN: A 3-month prospective analytical study was done in a tertiary care hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 333 Body fluids were processed; 103 of them were ascitic fluids, 71 pleural fluids, 139 CSF and 20 other fluids. They were processed by plating the direct sample and after enrichment. Enrichment was done by two methods: in SoyabeanCaesin digest broth (274 samples) and by BACTEC (59 samples).Isolates were identified by routine procedures & their antimicrobial susceptibility determined as per CLSI guidelines. The results were analyzed using Microsoft Excel® software using p<0.05 as the cut-off for significance. RESULTS: Gram negative isolate were obtained from 21.3% of the samples. The common isolates were Pseudomonas (20.7%), Acinetobacter (11.6%), Citrobacter (10.7%) and E. coli (10.7%). The antibiotics most effective against Gram negative pathogens were Gentamicin (47.5%), PipercillinTazobactam (51.6%), Amikacin (56.7%) and Cefoperazone-Sulbactam(65.3%). Gram positive isolates, obtained from 9% of the samples, mostly consisted of MSSA, Enterococcus and CONS, for which Ciprofloxacin (48%) followed by Cotrimoxazole (40%) and Erythromycin (28.6%) showed reasonable efficacy. The Culture positivity with direct plating, Soyabean-Caesin broth enrichment and BACTEC was 14.41%, 29.19% and 42.37% respectively. Increase in positivity by Soyabean-Casein broth was maximum for pleural fluids (12%) followed by ascitic fluids (11.6%) and CSF (11.52%).Using automated system the corresponding increases were 20.7%for ascitic fluids and 5.4%for pleural fluids. The mean time for identification using direct plating, enrichment method and BACTEC were 48 hours, 72 hours and 40 hours respectively. CONCLUSION: Gram negative isolates are commonly isolated pathogens from body fluids in our setup. Enrichment of body fluids improved yield of pathogens. In resource-poor settings simple enrichment in blood culture bottles can increase culture positivity of these precious samples.
A retrospective analysis was done over a period of 3 years (January 2010- December 2012) in a tertiary care hospital, Pune, to note the changes in the prevalence and distribution of biotypes, serotypes, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and phage types of Vibrio cholerae isolates from clinical samples so as to be vigilant and curtail major outbreak in future. Vibrio cholerae isolates were obtained from 4.4% of the 1126 fecal specimens processed from cases of acute watery diarrhea. Majority of the isolates were identified as V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa (98%); Phage 27 was the predominant type (77.5%). Majority of the cases were encountered during the months June-August (68%). Antibiogram over a period of 3 years showed that isolates were consistently resistant to Ampicillin (90%) and Furazolidone (88%). Low level of resistance was seen with Norfloxacin (8%), Gentamicin (8%) and Tetracycline (6%). All isolates were susceptible to Chloramphenicol.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of class 1 integrons in MRSA isolates from India. The study provides insights into the prevalence of a novel mechanism adapted by MRSA for the propagation of antibiotic resistance genes.
Background: Blood stream infections are an important cause of mortality and morbidity. Illness associated with blood stream infection ranges from self-limiting infections to life-threatening sepsis that require rapid and aggressive antimicrobial treatment. So, knowledge of local pathogens and susceptibility patterns is essential to start prompt and appropriate empirical therapy and also to formulate and update antibiotic policy. Increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance, changing patterns of antimicrobial usage, and the wide use of indwelling catheters may change the epidemiology and outcome of bloodstream infection.Methods & Materials: The data from blood cultures received over a period of 4 years from 2011-2014 were retrospectively analysed by using WHONET 5.6 software. Common demographic parameters of patients were noted. The change in trends of etiology and susceptibility pattern of pathogens causing BSIs at a tertiary care hospital was studied Results: A total of 12553 blood cultures were processed with 1651(13.1%) showing positive cultures. Maximum blood cultures were received from medical wards followed by paediatric ICU. Gram negative bacteria (GNB mainly Enterobacteriaceae) were predominant cause of bacteremia in all 4years but pseudomonas and acinetobacter were emerging as newer pathogens.Predominant isolate in 2011 was E.coli (44%) and in 2014 was Acinetobacter spp (88%) . We have observed increase in multidrug resistant bacteria over 4 years. The prevalence of ESBLs has increased from 61.6%(2011) to 66%(2014) and that of Carbapenamase producers from 13.6% to 25%.MRSA has jumped from 50% to 60% and Amp C producers were detected at a rate ranging between 69-71%.The most effective antimicrobials against GNB were carbapenems and aminoglycosides and against gram positive cocci were Vancomycin and Linezolid Conclusion: Gram negative bacteria were predominant cause of bacteremia . Drug resistance in bacteria is increasing over the years which need effective implementation of the antibiotic policy formulated according to local susceptibility pattern. http://dx.
Emergence of multidrug resistant and non-vaccine serotypes of streptococcus pneumoniae in a tertiary care hospital, Southern India
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