The quality indicators of the ploughing unit largely depend on the joining diagram of the mounted plough with the tractor. Most often, this joining, performed according to a two-point or three-point diagram, is asymmetric. As a result, momentum arises that tries to turn the tractor in a horizontal plane. Depending on the chosen diagram for joining the tractor with a mounted plough, this momentum will be greater or less, and the performance of the ploughing unit will be worse or better. This paper evaluates the dependence of the momentum value on the plough rotation angle and the asymmetry of its joining to the tractor with two-point and three-point diagrams for adjusting the rear hitch linkage system. Calculations have established that the increase in the specified momentum occurs more intensively with a two-point diagram for joining the plough to the tractor. In this regard, its use is advisable only for specific ratios between the plough width and the parameters of the tractor running system. At the same time, with a certain adjustment of the tractor’s rear hitch linkage system according to the three-point diagram, it is possible to achieve such a position when its centre of mass practically coincides with the point of the plough traction resistance application. Ultimately, this ensures the momentum value is reduced to a minimum (almost zero) value. Experimental studies have established, when setting the convergence angle of the lower links of the tractor hitch linkage system according to the three-point diagram at the level of 0.49 rad, the null hypothesis about the equality of the plough operating width variances in comparison with the option of its joining according to the two-point diagram does not deviate. The frequency distributions of the plough rotation angle oscillations (𝛽) are also almost identical. The maxima of the normalized spectral densities of the parameter 𝛽 oscillations fall on the same frequency equal to 0.1 s-1. The oscillation variances of the angle β for both plough joining diagrams are concentrated in the same range of rather low frequencies: 0-1.0 s-1, i.e. 0-0.16 Hz.
Almost all existing units for mechanical processing of inter-row widths of row crops (corn, sunflower, soybeans, etc.) are symmetrical. In this case, the ratio of the tractor track to the row crop’s inter-row widths is an even integer (k). This article presents the study results of a machine-tractor unit in which the value k equals 3; that is, it is odd. As a result, an asymmetric unit was obtained, in which the cultivator is displaced in the transverse direction relative to the tractor symmetry axis by half the inter-row width, equal to 70 cm. The width fluctuations of sunflower plant protective zone formed by such machine-tractor unit are rather low-frequency. At a speed of 1.9 m·s-1, the main variance spectrum of these oscillations is concentrated in the frequency range 0-0.9 m-1 or 0-0.27 Hz. With an increase in the unit movement speed to 2.4 m·s-1, this diapason narrows to 0-0.6 m-1 (0-0.23 Hz). At the same time, an increase in the movement speed of the studied unit from 1.9 to 2.4 m·s-1 did not lead to a significant change in the mean of the width and variance of the sunflower row protective zone oscillations. The actual difference between the means of this zone (0.6 cm) turned out to be less than LSD05, equal to 0.8 cm. In addition to this, the null hypothesis about the equality of the compared of this parameter fluctuation variances was confirmed. Calculations have established that the possible deviation frequency of the sunflower plant protective zone width actual value of ± 1 cm from the established one can reach 0.007 m-1 or one release per 143 m of the path travelled by the unit at a speed of 1.9 m·s-1. When the machine-tractor unit moves in the sunflower inter-row widths at a speed of 2.4 m·s-1, the value of this indicator is 0.009 m-1 or one release per 111 m of the path. According to the results of experimental studies, real damage (cutting) of sunflower plants for both unit operation modes did not exceed 0.9%. The weed destruction in the inter-row widths of this crop was 98.5%.
The article presents the effect of using a tillage tool with skimmers, second stage skimmers, and bodies (double-deck plow) on the reduction of traction resistance and energy consumption by at least 1.1 kN, i.e., 3.3%. In addition, the statistical characteristics of the plowing depth and the width of the longitudinal profile of the field are stabilized. The use of agricultural machinery with skimmers, secondary skimmers, or bodies ensures even distribution of plowing depth fluctuations. The use of a plow without skimmers mounted on it leads to a regular and significant increase in the spread of fluctuations in the working depth and cross-section of the field. The normalized correlation function of this process is characterized by the presence of a noticeably marked periodic component. When the plow is used without skimmers mounted on it, the working period of the unit practically corresponds to the working width of the tillage tool. The use of skimmers with a grinding angle of 25° causes its deformation in the soil environment, which results in stratification, not shearing. This ensures a statistically significant and regular decrease in the traction resistance of the plow.
An analysis of perspective methods is made for diagnosing hydraulic drives, based on the on-board automated tools. Prospects are substantiated for the development of technical diagnostics of agricultural machinery on the basis of on-board electronic means. Special attention is paid to the need for significant research in the direction of creating new diagnostic parameters, adapted to these means, and methods of their measurement. The parameters of the characteristics of changes in the pressure of the working fluid in the hydraulic aggregates in transitional modes of operation of the hydraulic drives are advisable to be used as diagnostic, since the veracity (accuracy) of the parameters, based on them, is not less than 95%. As an example, a method of diagnosing on dynamic transitional modes of operation of the hydraulic drives is given, which is the basis for the development and use of built-in and portable electronic means for conducting CIP diagnostics, which will provide 2-3 times decrease in the labour intensity and the cost of work with at least 85% veracity of diagnosis and the permissible error measurements no more than ± 4%. The novelty of this work lies in the method we have developed for diagnosing the dynamic transient modes of operation of hydraulic drives.
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