The article covers the topic of national legislation as a source (form) of transnational criminal law. International criminal law doctrine has examined different aspects of legal sources many times, but development and establishment of transnational criminal law creates a necessity of research with a view to substantiating the concept of transnational criminal law and researching the empiric basis: international legal act and legislatures of different states. Author finds that the systems of legal sources are in a state of constant development and reassessment, which does not change the fact that domestic legislation always takes its place in such systems. The author analyzes the positions of domestic and foreign scientists on the recognition of national legislation as a source of international criminal law. The place of national legislation in the system of sources of transnational criminal law its ancillary character are determined. The author substantiates the position of recognition of national legislation as a source of transnational criminal law in view of the important conceptual feature of this sub-branch of law, which is manifested in the interaction of transnational (international) and domestic (national) criminal law. Transnational criminal law as part of international criminal law is part of the system of international law, is based on its principles and closely linked to national criminal law. The article notes that every national or international legal system contains a specific system of legal sources, determined within its demands which allows to distinguish the peculiarities of each separate system. National legislation holds a special place in any of such system of sources of international criminal law and belongs to the group of auxiliary sources. It is emphasized that national legislation does not directly regulate international relations, but does affect transnational criminal law in various ways, in particular by criminalizing transnational crimes and penalizing them; according to the rules of national law, criminal prosecution of criminals and implementation of norms in accordance with the jurisdiction defined in the national legislation, etc., takes place.
The article examines the theoretical and legal foundations of economic crimes of a transnational nature formed under the influence of globalisation processes in the world, the growth of international crime and other factors. The author provides a conceptual description of transnational crime as the main category of transnational criminal law, including economic crimes. Scientific views of domestic and foreign scientists on the nature of crimes of an international nature, including criminal acts in the economic sphere are analysed; the most dangerous and widespread economic crimes are characterised. Attention is paid to the legal regulation of these relations, universal and regional conventions, other sources. The authors justify the need to criminalise transnational economic crimes in national law, regardless of whether a particular state is a party to international conventions adopted by international organisations. The authors pay special attention to the characteristics of the subjects of the crime and reveals the debatable nature of their definition, in particular, analyse the problematic nature of the recognition of a legal entity as a subject of crime. The authors use a conceptual approach to clarifying the subject of study, which determines the reasonability of theoretical research, and modern principles of scientific methodology: the principle of scientific pluralism, impartiality, comprehensiveness of research, historicism, complexity and others. A modern requirement in the methodology of science is the rejection of methodological monism, which has long been dominant in theoretical and historical studies of social (including legal) phenomena and the rejection of the ideology of scientific knowledge, which provides an objective, unbiased attitude to any legal phenomena, legal systems, etc. The purpose of the article is to provide theoretical and legal characteristics of international crime in the economic sphere, identify the transnational nature of these crimes, clarify the state of legal regulation of these relations at the international level, as well as international cooperation to combat these crimes. Based on the study and theoretical generalisation of the research topic, the authors emphasise the following conclusions: modern world problems are global in nature; economic crime transcends borders and becomes international; economic crimes of a transnational nature are recognised as socially dangerous acts that encroach on the system of social relations in the field of financial and credit, investment, information, trade, etc. activities, and have a transnational nature, i.e. go beyond one state; countering economic crimes of a transnational nature is within the internal competence of states, but international cooperation in this area also has an objective basis; the legal basis of international cooperation of states are international legal anti-criminal conventions, which define the criminal acts and obligations of states to criminalise economic crimes and provide legal assistance in criminal proceedings, in particular in extradition and transfer of accused and convicted persons, disposal of confiscated property, joint investigation and other issues.
The article analyses the development of the concept of international crime in the "Hague" period, which covers the last decades of the last century and is closely related to the establishment of ad hoc international tribunals in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The article reveals the legal grounds for the establishment of these tribunals, the features of their activities, jurisdiction and principles of responsibility of persons who committed crimes in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The establishment of international justice bodies by UN Security Council decisions has provoked a number of debates about their legitimacy, but it is undeniable that the activities of ad hoc international tribunals have contributed to the initiation of a new stage in the development of international criminal justice, further development of international criminal law, in particular in the development of the Rome Statute and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court. All types of tribunal jurisdictions are disclosed, but special attention is paid to the substantive and personal jurisdictions of tribunals, which became the basis for the theoretical justification of the "Hague" modification of international crime, as well as the practical implementation of this concept in tribunal decisions. It is shown that the categories of international crimes that constitute the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (serious violations of the Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide and crimes against humanity) and the categories of crimes defined in the Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda against humanity and violations of the Geneva Conventions) in the documents of the tribunals have been developed in comparison with the Nuremberg and post-Nuremberg periods. ~ 74 ~ ВІСНИК Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка ISSN 1728-3817 It is shown that the substantive jurisdiction of the ICTY and the ICC does not coincide with the provisions of the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals. The differences relate to the list of categories of crimes; parallel jurisdiction of international ad hoc tribunals and national courts; extending the competence of ad hoc tribunals to cases of crimes committed both during wars between states and during internal armed conflict, etc. The content of the categories of crimes, their composition, the subjects of responsibility have been clarified. In particular, the characteristic features of the crime of genocide and crimes against humanity are identified; the conditions, elements and subjects for the recognition of their qualifications are indicated. The author pays attention to the principles of personal jurisdiction, shows that in the decisions of international tribunals ad hoc has developed the principle of individual responsibility for international crimes that constitute substantive jurisdiction. The application of the principle of universal jurisdiction in the activity of tribunals is revealed. The author concludes that the establishment of ad hoc international criminal tribunals and their activities has contributed to the development of the concept of international crime and the separation of a special "Hague" modification. Keywords: international crime, tribunal, "Hague" modification, international justice, jurisdiction, criminal liability
The article analyses the process of formation of the legal framework of international criminal justice, modern models of organisationand activity of international courts of criminal jurisdiction, features that unite the bodies of international justice. The author’sspecial attention is drawn to the organisational (institutional) elements that make up the system of modern international justice. Theoreticalproblems are not left out, in particular, the characteristics and properties of this system are described.It is noted that international criminal justice, as a relatively new phenomenon in the system of international law, is one of theareas of international cooperation, which is the implementation of courts established by the international community with the participationof the UN, on the basis of international treaties, review and resolution activities. In essence, cases of international crimes, as wellas other crimes within their jurisdiction. International criminal justice is also seen as an international judicial mechanism and procedureestablished by the world community of states to deal with the criminal cases of perpetrators of international crimes. It is noted that internationalcriminal justice is an activity of application of international law, its legal norms and principles, which are fundamental forensuring peace, protection of the person and vital interests of the international community.International criminal justice is characterised by a number of essential features that distinguish international criminal justice fromother types of international cooperation. It is noted that the basis of the activities of international criminal justice bodies and their decision-making are international law, both substantive and procedural.A key place in the article is occupied by the characteristics of scientific approaches to the typology of models of internationaljudicial institutions and the analysis of institutional models of establishment, formation, organisation and activity of international crimi -nal justice bodies. The development of these institutional models is considered from the first positive experience in this activity of theNuremberg and Tokyo tribunals, initiated the formation of a system of fundamental principles of international criminal law, the activi -ties of international ad hoc tribunals, mixed (hybrid) courts to the permanent International Criminal Court. Their legal basis for establishment,jurisdiction and problematic issues of international criminal justice are considered.
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