The article presents the results of mathematical modeling based on the construction and use of various images of the object, process or system. The research involves the study of the dependence of the level of productivity and valuable farming traits of corn hybrids in the form of mathematical models. Field research was carried out during 2011-2017 on the experimental fields of the Department of Crop Production, Breeding and Bioenergy Crops of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, at the state enterprise “Research Farm “Kordelivske” of the Institute of Potato Production of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine under conditions of the right-bank Forest-Steppe in accordance with the guidelines provided in “Methodology of Field Experiments in Corn”. The use of computer technology, in particular, cluster analysis, from our point of view, allows us to approach the difficult task of improving the efficiency of the correct choice of hybrids and technologies to obtain the maximum level of bioethanol yield per unit area of maize hybrids. An ecological-genetic model of quantitative traits was used to study the phenotypic productivity of corn hybrids and to establish the influence on the formation of their traits. The construction of the model is based on the hierarchy of manifestation of productivity traits in ontogenesis and the correspondence of their manifestation in organogenesis. The model consists of three modules of traits including the resulting one and double-component that reflect phenotypic implementation of the genetic formula. The resulting traits are those that have environmentally stable correlation and the highest total impact on the final resulting trait, namely, the yield. According to the results of researches of mathematical models of the influence of weather conditions on the formation of phenotypic productivity of corn hybrids of different maturity groups, both general biological regularities and group differences of trait formation have been established. Thus, the analysis of the differences between the groups of early and mid-early corn hybrids, in general reveals that their growth and development are affected to a relative extent by the amount of effective temperatures, amount of precipitation and HTC. In fact, the maturity groups studied differ insufficiently, and the main differences can be observed only in the variability of the traits studied or the closeness of their relationships with each other. However, mid hybrids respond somewhat differently to environmental factors, which allows to develop the elements of adaptive cultivation technology for each maturity group. Based on the results of cluster analysis, cluster dendrograms were created using the odd-numbered group method with the determination of Euclidean distances.
Purpose. To highlight the features of influence of bioorganic fertilizer Effluent, obtained on the basis of anaerobic fermentation of pig manure in a biogas plant, on the productivity and yield structure of carrot and beet; to substantiate effective norms of the Effluent bioorganic fertilizer application in modern technologies of cultivation of carrot and beet. Methods. Observation, comparison, analysis and synthesis, system analysis and forecast. Determination of yield structure and productivity was performed according to generally accepted methods. Results. The largest diameter of the root crop (6.0 cm) in the Bolivar F1 carrot hybrid was obtained by applying the organic fertilizer Effluent at the rate of 55 t/ha in combination with mineral fertilizer (N90P90K90). Application of fertilizers provides an increase in the carrot root diameter by 0.6-2.4 cm, the weight of the tops by 11.4-24.3 g compared to the control. The highest total yield (67.66 t/ha) of carrots of the Bolivar F1 hybrid was got on the variant with applying 55 t/ha of bioorganic fertilizer Effluent in combination with mineral fertilizers (N90P90K90), of which 54.05 t/ha of root crops or 79.89% to the total yield were of saleable quality, and only 13.61 ton, or 20.11% were non-standard. Application of bioorganic fertilizer Effluent and mineral fertilizers provided an increase in the diameter of the root of the hybrid beet Kestrel F1 by 1.03-4.12 cm compared with the control. The weight of root crops under control (without fertilizers), for two years of the research amounted to 145.4 g, the introduction of water at the rate of 45 t/ha provided an increase in root mass by 7.80 g, the introduction of 25 t/ha of organic fertilizer – by 21, 30 g, 35 t/ha – 37.65 g, 45 t/ ha – 45.35 g, 55 t/ha – 61.15 g, 55 t/ha of Effluent + N90P90K90 – 85.35 g and application of mineral fertilizer only (N90P90K90) – by 67.05 g. The high total (99.23 t/ha) and saleable yield (84.19 t/ha) was obtained in a hybrid of Kestrel F1 beet under the use of bioorganic fertilizer Effluent at the rate of 55 t/ha combined with mineral fertilizers (N90P90K90). This result is 9.16-36.70 and 7.65-49.07 tons more than the control variant (without fertilizers and watering). Conclusions. Optimization of provision of macro- and microelements of carrot and red beet plants, due to the application of fertilizers provides an increase in the diameter of the root of carrots and beets. Most actively roots and aboveground part of the carrot plant were formed under application of the bioorganic fertilizer Effluent at the rate of 55 t/ha in combination with mineral fertilizer (N90P90K90). The ratio between aboveground and underground parts of the plant was 1 to 0.38, the total yield of carrot roots – 35-19.28 t/ha and marketability – 12.04-29.24 t/ha (15.04- 26.23%). The general productivity of beet made up 99.22 t/ha, of saleable quality – 86.23 t/ ha, which is 9.75-36.68 and 8.68-49.11 tons more than the control variant (without fertilizers and watering). The variants without fertilizers showed the highest percentage of cracked and affected by diseases roots. The use of bioorganic fertilizer Effluent provided an increase in root weight by 22.7-85.3 g compared to the control variant.
The article presents the results of Efluent organic fertilizer research. We used pig manure to obtain biomass (residues); it also provided biogas production after digestion. We used a biogas system located in LLC Organic-D for fermentation of biomass, it is located in the village of Sutysky, Tyvriv district, Vinnytsia region, Ukraine. The prospects of using similar types of fertilizers have been analyzed. Agrochemical and microbiological analysis was carried out in specialized laboratories for organic fertilizers. It has been established that the peculiarities of animal maintenance and feeding have affected the chemical composition of manure, it is confirmed by the data of microbiological and agrochemical analysis, in particular the level of its invasive contamination. The total number of fungi in the samples ranged from 118.8 to 193.8 thousand / g. The species composition of pathogenic fungi in manure were pathogenic species of the genus Alternaria and Fusarium by 3.2%, and the number of pathogenic species of fungi not rejuvenated manure was 66.7% (from the genus Fusarium - 9.5%, from the genus Aspergillus - 57.2%). Among saprotrophic fungi there are species from the genus Penicillium (Penicillium janczewskii Zaleski, P. raciborskii Zaleski, P. simplicissimum (Oudem.) Thom, P. chryzogenum Thom) from the genus Acremonium (Acremonium Kiliense Grutz). In the first sample (fermented) the number of saprotrophic fungi from the genus Penicillium was 87.1%, from the genus Acremonium 6.5%. In the second sample (without fermentation), the number of saprotrophic fungi of the genus Penicillium decreased to 33.3%. Saprotrophic fungi of the genus Acremonium were not observed. Among toxin-forming species, Penicillium janczewskii Zaleski, Penicillium chryzogenum Thom, Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. and Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht.) Snyd. et Hans) were observed. A high amount of toxin-forming fungi was found in undiluted manure - 85.7%. In the updated material, the percentage of toxin-forming fungi was lower by 16.1%. Organic fertilizer Efluent was characterized by an alkaline reaction (pH 8.5), high moisture content (98.4%), significant content of nitrate nitrogen (18.2 mg/kg), copper (4.6 mg/kg), zinc (32 mg/kg), manganese (20 mg/kg) and iron (120 mg/kg). Therefore, the use of this fertilizer will provide plants with both macro and microelements, and its application on acidic soils will also reduce the level of soil acidity. Prospects of its use in soils with the raised acidity of a soil solution are given.
The article presents the results of researching the impact of foliar fertilization with microfertilizers Ecolist Mono Zinc and Rostok Corn, plant growth regulator Vimpel and bacterial preparation Biomag on the complex of economically valuable traits and productivity of maize hybrids of different maturity groups (early ripening group: Kharkiv 195 MV, (FAO 190), DKS 2960 (FAO 250), DKS 2949 (FAO 190), DKS 2971 (FAO 200), middle-early: DKS 3472 (FAO 270), DKS 3420 (FAO 280), Pereyaslavsky 230 SV (FAO 230), DKS 3871 (FAO 280) and medium-ripe: DK 391 (FAO 320), DK 440 (FAO 350), DKS 4964 (FAO 390), DK 315 (FAO 310)). The dependence of foliar fertilization usage and the starch content in corn grain is generalized. One-time foliar feeding provided a starch content increase by 0.1-0.5%, double feeding - by 0.85-1.30%. The yield of starch was in hybrids DK 391 - 8,748 t / ha, DK 440 - 8,821 t / ha, DKS 4964 - 9,559 t / ha, DK 315 - 9,314 t / ha with a single feeding and with a double feeding it was significantly higher - 9,220 t / ha, - 9,384 t / ha, 10,142 t / ha, 9,993 t / ha, accordingly. The highest yield of starch in all hybrids was provided by double application of microfertilizer Ecolist Mono Zinc (8,983-10,595 t / ha) and Rostok corn (8,721-10,597 t / ha), the increase in starch yield with the use of these fertilizers was 0.5-1.8 t / ha, relative to control (water supply). It is established that in dry years with high temperatures (2012) there is a decrease in starch content, regardless of the studied vegetation factors and cultivation technology. Foliar fertilization contributed to an increase in the starch content of the grain (by 0.1-0.46% in 2011-2013) compared to the control (without foliar fertilization). The highest starch content in the grain of the studied maize hybrids (70.92-76.72% and 71.45-76.72%) was provided by foliar fertilization with microfertilizers Ecolist Mono Zinc and Rostock corn. A decrease in the starch content was observed during crop treatment with the plant growth regulator Vimpel in the phase of 5-7 corn leaves on hybrids DKS 3420 by 0.36%, Pereyaslavsky 230SV by 0.11% and DKS 3871 by 0.5%, respectively.
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