An enormous amount of development has been made in the field of photovoltaics in the last 50 odd years. In recent years, the uses of semiconductor nanoparticles have given a new impetus and direction to research in the field of solar cells. This is due to the excellent photoemission properties shown by semiconductors in the quantum dot (QD) state. ZnS QDs show a further interesting feature where their photoemission properties show perceivable changes on adding dopants such as nickel. In the present work, we describe the characterization studies made on Ni:ZnS thin films using photoluminescence (PL), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and further reports their performance as an absorbing layer in a hybrid solar cell along with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Fabricated Ni:ZnS cell showed a conversion efficiency of 0.25 ± 0.05% with VOC and JSC of 560 mV and 0.11 mA/cm2, respectively. Although the absolute conversion efficiency appears low (only 0.25%), the addition of nickel was found to have improved the efficiency by a hundredfold compared with undoped ZnS.
Sustainable development is a concept that strives to gain economic progress and to make developments in agriculture that stays for long without harming the environment. while conserving the soil biodiversity and environmental prolonged value. It also serves as a framework for integrating environmental regulations with development initiatives. Recently, there has been a pressing need to embrace greater sustainable farming methods, and a logical evaluation method is required to identify innovative management options. One kind of environmentally-friendly farming that has recently emerged is the integrated crop-livestock farming system. The importance of an integrated farm and livestock system for sustainable development, and the fact that integrated crop and livestock systems have been a foundation of agriculture for hundreds of years, imply a diverse range of integrated ecological, biophysical, and socioeconomic conditions. Sometimes it is difficult to maintain sustainable agriculture in dry areas like Bellary. Adopting an appropriate integrated agricultural system model is very important to achieve sustainability in lowland rice cultivation in the Tungabhadra project located in Karnataka. Continued rice cultivation and practice in the region have resulted in resource deprivation and condensed and decreased yields. The diminution of hereditary soil assets, the development of nuisance and pests scenarios like brown plant hopper, and the problem of weeds were also noticed.
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