The dispersal of marked Ips typographus (L.) was tested by using pheromone traps placed at various distances in spruce woods in a model area in southern Bohemia, Czechoslovakia in 1989and 1990. In 1989.1 YO of the released marked beetles were captured, and 16.0 % in 1990.In both years, most of the beetles were caught within 200 m of the place of release (11.1 % in 1989 and 10.6 % in 1990) and the numbers of captured beetles decreased with increasing distance. Only 2.8 % of the released I. typographus were caught at a distance of 1000 m in 1989 and 3.4 Yo in 1990.

Due to traditional forest management, the primary goal of which is the production of raw wood material, commercial forest stands are characterized by low biodiversity. At the same time, commercial forests make up the majority of forests in the Central European region, which means a significant impact on the biodiversity of the entire large region. Saproxylic species of organisms are a frequently used criterion of biodiversity in forests. Based upon the analysis of 155 scientific works, this paper defines the fundamental attributes of the active management supporting biodiversity as well as the preservation of the production function. Using these attributes, a model management proposal was created for three tree species, which takes into account the results of research carried out in the territory of the University Forest Enterprise of the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, since 2019. The optimum constant volume of deadwood in commercial stands was set at 40–60 m3/ha, 20% of which should be standing deadwood. The time framework is scheduled for an average rotation period of the model tree species, while the location of deadwood and frequency of enrichment must comply with the rate of decomposition, the requirement for the bulkiest dimensions of deadwood possible, and the planned time of tending and regeneration operations in accordance with the models used in the Czech Republic. The goal of active management is to maintain the continuity of suitable habitats for sensitive and endangered species. The estimates of the value of retained wood for decomposition can be as high as 45–70 EUR/ha/year for spruce and beech, and about 30 EUR /ha/year for oak.

The correlation between nutritional state and behaviour was studied in an overwintering population of bark beetles, Ips typographus (L.). It was found that 3 groups of the bark beetles could be distinguished with respect to their nutrient contents and reactivity to the traps with aggregation pheromone in the field: Group A ‐ newly emerged beetles searching for food ignored the pheromone traps, were shown to have low protein and glycogen contents. Group B ‐ feeding beetles with high lipid and glycogen contents but relatively low protein content probably due to degeneration of flight muscles. They were taken as control with regard of nutrient contents. Group C ‐ beetles, attracted to the pheromone traps, were divided into two subgroups: C1 ‐ beetles with high content of glycogen and lipid but low protein. They represented about 25–30 % of captured beetles and they were from local population. C2 ‐ characterized by a low content of glycogen and lipid but high protein, probably due to well developed flight muscles. They represented about 70 % and probably belonged to migrating beetles. A possible correlation between reactivity to pheromones and nutrient reserves is discussed. Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen über den Ernährungszustand und die Reaktion auf Aggregationspheromone beim Buchdrucker, Ips typographus (L.) (Col., Scolytidae) Es wurden die Beziehungen zwischen dem Ernährungszustand und dem Flugverhalten bei einer überwinternden Population des Buchdruckers, Ips typographus, untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß 3 Gruppen von Borkenkäfern hinsichtlich ihres Ernährungszustandes und ihrer Reaktion auf Pheromone unterschieden werden konnten: Gruppe A ‐ frisch geschlüpfte Käfer auf Nahrungssuche ohne Interesse an Pheromonen, mit geringem Gehalt an Eiweißen und Glykogenen; Gruppe B ‐ fressende Käfer mit hohen Fett‐ und Glykogengehalten, aber relativ niedrigem Eiweißgehalt, was wahrscheinlich von einer Degeneration der Flugmuskeln herrührte; diese Tiere wurden als Kontrolltiere bezüglich des Nährstoffgehalts verwendet; Gruppe C ‐ von den Pheromonfallen angelockte Käfer, die in 2 Untergruppen gegliedert werden konnten: C1 ‐ Käfer mit hohem Glykogen‐ und Fett‐, aber niedrigem Eiweißgehalt; sie machten etwa 25–30 % der gefangenen Käfer aus und gehörten der lokalen Population an; C2 ‐ Käfer mit niedrigen Gehalten an Glykogen und Fetten, aber hohem Eiweißgehalt, wahrscheinlich als Zeichen wohlentwickelter Flugmuskeln. Sie machten etwa 70 % der Tiere aus und gehörten zum migrierenden Populationsteil. Eine mögliche Korrelation zwischen den Reaktionen auf Pheromone und den Nährstoffreserven des Körpers wird erörtert.

Pheroprax synthetic‐aggregation pheromones placed in traps act as kairomones for predators of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.). The clerid Thanasimus formicarius made up 32.3 % of the total number of predators caught in the years 1980 and 1981; the staphylinids Placusa tachyporoides 28.6 %, Quedius laevigatus 4.5 %, Nudobius lentus 4.8 %; the ostomid Nemosoma elongatum 14.3 %; the nitidulids Rhizophagus ferrugineus 4.3 % and Rh. depressus 1.6 %, Epuraea ruformarginata 9.6 %. Zusammenfassung Wirkungen synthetischer Pheroprax‐Pheromone auf räuberische Käfer beim Buchdrucker, Ips typographus (L.) Durch das Aggregations‐Pheromon des Fichtenborkenkäfers Ips typographus (L.) werden auch seine Prädatoren aus der Ordnung Coleoptera gelockt. Sie orientieren sich im Terrain nach den sogenannten Kairomonen, mit deren Hilfe die Prädatoren nicht nur des Fichtenborkenkäfers, sondern auch der anderen Borkenkäfer ihre Beute aufsuchen. Es wurden Pheromonfallen‐Fänge in den Jahren 1980 und 1981 in Südböhmen (Tschechoslowakei) im Gebiet von Novohradské hory (Gratzen) in Fichtenbeständen des Waldtyps Abieto‐Fagetum (Meereshöhe 550–700 m) durchgeführt. Dabei wurden insgesamt 65 viereckige Barriere‐Fallen (Größe einer Wand: 350 × 150 mm, gesamte Fallfläche 0,42 m2) verwendet. Als Pheromon wurde Pheroprax, das synthetisch von der Firma Celamerck in der BRD erzeugt wurde, angewandt. In den zwei Jahren wurden insgesamt 2279 Stück Prädatoren abgefangen, davon im Jahre 1980 1274 und im Jahre 1981 1005 (Tabelle). Von der Gesamtmenge der gefangenen Prädatoren waren: 32,3 % Cleriden Thanasimus formicanus (Cleridae), 28,6 % Placusa tachyporoides (Staphyl.), 4,5 % Quedius laevigatus (Staphyl.), 4,8 % Nudobius lentus (Staphyl.), 14,3 % Nemosoma elongatum (Ostom.), 4,3 % Rhizophagus ferrugineus (Nitidul.), 1,6 % Rh. depressus (Nitidul.) und 9,6 % Epuraea rufomarginata (Nitidul.).

The use of baited pitfall traps for control and pro nosis was found to have significant adverse effects on many non-targets (in Czechoslovakia). Most ofthe non-targets were carabid species inhabiting the forest floor, and some corticolous beetles (scolytids). These and other s ecies are reviewed. However, the traps can be highly selective, which depends on the size of laterafholes that must only slightly exceed the body diameter of H. abietis. None of the natural enemies of H. abietis were trapped. A review of measures preventing the adverse trap action in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of H. abietis is added. There is no information on the (adverse) side-effects of the traps in spite of their broad utilisation in the Scandinavian countries, the U.S.A. and Canada.

Simultaneous monitoring by baited pitfall traps (with alpha‐pinene, ethanol and water as baits) of crawling Hylobius abietis (L.) beetles in five different but neighbouring environments in a model managed forest area (South Bohemia) manifested the same population patterns, in spite of high seasonal migrations. An over‐all population management is hence presumed to be hardly feasible and activities ought to be concentrated on clearings.

The large pine shoot beetle, Blustophugus piniperdu (L.) was monitored in pine woods of southern Bohemia using a mixture of (+)-alpha-pinene (99 % pure) and ethanol (96 % pure). The terpene (+)alpha-pinene mixed with ethanol in various proportions was placed inside four-walled barriers: the method was compared with the method of trap trees. The average of 272 adult B. piniperdu per 1 fourwalled barrier were caught in 1985, 254 in 1986 and 221 in 1987, respectively. The average of 249 entrance holes per trap tree were recorded, representing ap roximately 462 adults. The mixture of (+)alpha-pinene and ethanol at 1 : 7 seems to be the most egective: the average of 53.5 % of all adult beetles caught in the barriers were lured by it.

Baited pitfall traps with standardised baits (alpha‐pinene, ethanol 96%, water) were used for monitoring Hylobius abietis adult populations in fresh (less than one year old) and older clearings in Pinetum and Pineto‐Piceetum associations in South Bohemia, CSFR. Eive traps situated in a row in a homogeneous site close to an uncut grove were found most useful as a monitoring standard for an area, whereas a heterogeneous placement and smaller number of traps were found to provide insufficient information. The age of the clearing was also important as it caused differences in the population curve (s. discussion). H. abietis flying adults were found not to be attracted by aggregation pheromones of the bark beetles and synthetic host volatiles (alpha‐pinene, ethanol) situated either isolatedly or simultaneously in flight traps commonly used for bark beetle monitoring and control. Zusammenfassung Beköderte Gruben‐ und Flugfallen zur Überwachung von Hylobius abietis (L.) (Col., Curculionidae) Grubenfallen mit standardisiertem Köder (α‐Pinen + Äthanol + Wasser) wurden zur Überwachung von Hylobius abietis‐Adulten in frischen (weniger als 1 Jahr alten) sowie älteren Schlägen in Pinetum‐und Pineto‐Piceetum‐Assoziationen in Südböhmen, CSFR, verwendet. Fünf Fallen, in einer Reihe angeordnet, an einem homogenen Ort, angrenzend an einen Nadelholzbestand, wurden als optimale Basis für die Überwachung erkannt. Heterogene Umweltverhältnisse und eine geringere Anzahl Fallen erbrachten ungenügende Informationen. Auch das Alter des Schlages war von Bedeutung, da es Unterschiede in der Populationskurve verursachte (s. Diskussion). Fliegende H. abietis‐Käfer wurden weder durch Borkenkäfer‐Pheromonfallen noch durch synthetische Wirtsbaumduftstoffe (α‐Pinen, Äthanol) angelockt.