Recently drilled exploration well at Chayandinskoye Gas Condensate Field in East Siberia, where at the moment exploration drilling is at the final stage, was selected as a candidate to evaluate effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing stimulation to boost the production. During the production logging and the well test on the pilot vertical section, three prolific zones were identified for further development. As a result of several discussions with the Client and based on the preliminary data analysis, the decision was made to proceed with hydraulic fracturing treatment. Due to the remoteness of the field, unique and complicated geology and reservoir properties, it was clear that the single contactor is required who has a relevant experience and technology being capable to address the challenges and provide an integrated approach. This approach included designing fit-for-purpose well completion, multistage selective hydraulic fracturing and coiled tubing applications inclusive of capability to perform real-time downhole measurements to monitor and evaluate complex multiphase flow profile. Company's completion segment had introduced and run 168-114mm combined premium-port liner down to 2034m MDDF equipped with 3 ports able to be shifted in open/close position, and hydraulic open-hole swelling packers to isolate annular. This type of completion allows selective or combined production from all the zones. Moreover, it enables selective stimulation of each zone, as well as selective or combined production well testing. In case of water breakthrough, knowing which zone is contributing to the water production, the premium-port can be shift closed to prolong the production without the immediate need to perform costly water shutoff treatment. Historically hydraulic fracturing has been a very effective way of increasing production in low permeability reservoirs. Based on the job design, three treatments were performed with 39t, 95t and 20t accordingly. Coiled Tubing services performed debris and residual proppant wellbore cleanout, multiple shifting of premium-ports, nitrogen kick off, and real-time downhole measurements of bottomhole pressure, temperature and production logging. The remoteness of the gas condensate field and the limited timeframe created additional challenges in terms of logistics, equipment and chemicals mobilization. It was clear that the proper preparation and planning were the key to succeed. Needless to mention that the company state-of-the-art technologies, competent personnel and close collaboration between the segments and the Client were the essential part of the equation.
It is known that the surface of a solid body and its volume part are different forms of the same substance. There is a hypothesis about the presence of a transition fractional-dimensional layer, which is the "limiter" of the volume from the surface. It is assumed that this layer is able to store information about changes in the surface and internal structures of the solid. The origin of defects, leading to destruction, in most cases begins in the surface and surface layers of the metal. In this regard, the existence of fractional-dimensional layer as a subsurface structure, which has information about the properties of the whole solid, is of particular importance in the detection of possible critical defects. In order to test this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted based on measuring the magnetic field strength of a steel plate (25x25x2 mm) when its thickness was changed. With the help of sandpaper, one side of the plate was swamped, and the second remained unchanged. The measurements of the magnetic field strength components were carried out on both sides with the plate thickness decreasing by 0.08-0.1 mm from 2.0 to 0.3 mm. Applying a linear approximation to the obtained dependence of the average tangential component of the magnetic field on the plate thickness, it was found that the extrapolated approximation line comes to a point close to zero (0.01 mm). It was assumed that the value 0.01 determines the preliminary value of the fractional-dimensional layer. Such an experiment was carried out for the first time, so the results obtained so far will undoubtedly become the basis for further research in this area.
Contemporary achievements of the physics of surfaces allow to define dramatic differences between the surface layers and the underneath part of the same material. Even though there is a wide range of test methods and scientific findings, so far all the peculiarities of the surface phenomena have not been figured out. The article considers a hypothesis of the surface layer fractal structure. The hypothesis is based on the fact that the transition from a 3D plane to a 2D plane happens through a number of intermediary structures (transition or small-fraction layer). In order to check this hypothesis, we carried out an experiment aimed at studying the intensity of the magnetic field of a ferromagnetic specimen with the specimen getting thinner. The idea of the experiment was in the assumption that if the specimen has a certain thickness the surface layers will become comparable with the underneath material and this will influence the way the magnetic field intensity changes. The conducted measurements allowed to build a correlation between the magnetic field intensity components and the specimen thickness. The measurements showed that the thinner the specimen is, the ‘closer’ the correlation is. These findings display how the small fraction layer reacts to the change of the underneath material. This confirms it is possible to obtain information about the state of the structural material underneath by measuring the surface properties.
The equipment of oil refineries and other hazardous production facilities operate under high pressures and temperatures. Such operation conditions require continuous control and equipment remaining operation life period assessment. The existing methods of diagnostics are based on probabilistic remaining life assessment and use data regarding wall thickness variation during the operation process. The present article presents the method of accumulated damage assessment and its approximation to the limiting state, based on electromagnetic processes studying by means of eddy current control method. The main purpose of studies was determination of optimal value of input signal frequency, which could the most informative for determination of regularity of electric signal parameters change depending on the level of accumulated damages. Steel grade 09Г2С samples were used as the subject of studies. The samples were exposed to static tension under constant rate and during the process of samples deformation we measured the value of electric signal under three frequencies: 100 Hz, 10 kHz, and 1 MHz Based on the obtained results we prepared output signal voltage-relative elongation dependencies, which showed that accumulation of plastic deformations in metal leads to reduction of signal amplitude. Particularly interesting was dependence under 1 MHz frequency, under which electromagnetic processes occur in subsurface and surface layers. This dependence was of some regular nature, which was described by means of the sinusoidal function. Graph of the obtained function qualitatively describes the experimental dependence. On the basis of obtained results we can make a conclusion that optimal input signal frequency is within megahertz range, under which difference between the sinusoidal function graph and the empirical curve is minimum.
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