The paper deals with the commodity flows (production, import, export, consumption, prices) of manganese, chromium, silicon, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium and nickel ferroalloys in dynamics from 2000 to 2019 throughout Russia. The paper also specifies groups of ferroalloys: import-dependent (silicomanganese, metallic manganese, ferroniobium), export-oriented (ferrosilicon, ferrochrome, ferrovanadium, ferromolybdenum) and counter import-export (ferromanganese) flows. The paper notes that there has been a liquidation of import dependence on ferromanganese and ferromolybdenum. Trends in shares of Russian ferroalloys in their world production and consumption, as well as in the world trade are determined. The share of Russia in the world production of ferromolybdenum increased (up to 5-8 %), while ferrovanadium and ferrosilicon decreased. The shares of Russian consumption (in world demand volume) of ferrovanadium (up to 11-7 %) and ferroniobium (up to 5-7 %) increased, and the shares of national demand for ferrosilicon and silicomanganese in the volume of world supply decreased. The shares of Russian import in the world trade volume of metallic manganese (up to 11-16 %) and ferroniobium (up to 5 %) are increased, and the share of national imports of silicomanganese and ferromanganese decreased. The shares of Russian export in the world trade volume of ferrosilicon (up to 17-21 %) and ferromolybdenum (up to 5-8 %) are increased, while the share of national exports of ferrovanadium decreased. As a result, the authors give proposals to mitigate the import dependence on certain types of ferroalloys (metallic manganese, silicomanganese and ferroniobium.
The relevance of the research is connected with Russia’s long-term import dependence on zirconium raw materials.Goal of this research: to study the dynamics of commodity flows (production, import, export, consumption) of Russian zirconium raw materials; its prices (world and Russian); the raw material base of zirconium in Russia and the prospects for national production of its extraction and processing.Methods: statistical, graphic, logical.Results: Russia imports the vast majority (3.5–14.9 kt/year or 98–100 % of consumption) of consumed zircon concentrate. At the same time, almost all of the baddeleyite mined in Russia (4.0–9.3 kt/year or (96–100 % of production) is exported. Since 2018 has there been a decrease in its export supplies and an increase in the national consumption (up to 60 % of production).Russia has existing deposits, including a useful zirconium component, but all are connected with a certain economic and technological complexity in their development.In 2022, the national production of selective zircon concentrate began during the development of the Tugan titanium-zirconium deposit. This deposit covers up to 30 % of Russia’s demand for zirconium raw materials up to 2023. Furthermore, the construction of the 2-nd stage of the Tugan mining and processing plant will increase its supply to 15 kt/year. This will completely cover Russian demand for zirconium raw materials. Work is in progress on Zashikhinsky field preparation, where, in the course of enrichment of tantalum-rare-earth ores, up to 8 kt/year of zircon concentrate will be additionally extracted. The emerging trend of reducing Russia’s import dependence on zirconium raw materials, and in the future its complete elimination will allow consumption of zircon and zirconium oxides to be increased in the most demanding area of their use – for dampening the glaze of ceramic tiles. The presence of an independent and sufficient national mining base of zirconium raw materials will allow Russian production of metal zirconium, zirconium refractory and abrasive products, solid fuel energy cells and other zirconiumcontaining applications to be developed.
In 2014, world rare-earth mine production was 125,000 metric tons (t) of rare-earth oxide (ReO) and was primarily from the minerals bastnäsite, loparite, monazite, and xenotime (tables 1, 6). China continued to dominate the global production and consumption of rare-earth metals and compounds. Rare-earth ores were mined primarily in China, with smaller amounts mined in australia, India, Malaysia, Russia, thailand, the United states, and Vietnam (table 6). In the United states, mining and processing of rare-earth ores and concentrates took place at the Mountain Pass Mine in California and, owing to processing issues, production decreased to 5,400 t. Prices for most rare-earth metals and compounds declined significantly relative to those in 2013 (table 3).the rare earths are a moderately abundant group of 17 elements comprising the 15 lanthanides, scandium, and yttrium. the lanthanides are the elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, in order of atomic number: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. In rock-forming minerals, rare earths typically occur in compounds as trivalent cations in carbonates, oxides, phosphates, and silicates (Mason and Moore, 1982, p. 46).A rare-earth element (REE) can be classified as either a light rare-earth element (LREE) or a heavy rare-earth element (hRee). the LRees include the lanthanide elements from atomic number 57 (lanthanum) through atomic number 64 (gadolinium), and the hRees include the lanthanide elements from atomic number 65 (terbium) through atomic number 71 (lutetium). The division is based on the LREEs having unpaired electrons in the 4f electron shell and HREEs having paired electrons in the 4f electron shell. scandium (atomic number 21), a transition metal, is the lightest REE but it is not classified as one of the group of LRees nor one of the hRees. scandium is a soft, lightweight, silvery-white metal, similar in appearance and weight to aluminum. although its occurrence in crustal rocks is greater than that of lead, mercury, and the precious metals, scandium rarely occurs in concentrated quantities because it does not selectively combine with the common ore-forming anions.Yttrium (atomic number 39), a transition metal, is chemically similar to the lanthanides and commonly occurs in the same minerals as a result of its similar ionic radius. Yttrium is included as an HREE even though it is not part of the lanthanide series.The elemental forms of rare earths are iron-gray to silvery lustrous metals that are typically soft, malleable, ductile, and usually reactive, especially at elevated temperatures or when finely divided. Melting points range from 798 °C for cerium to 1,663 °C for lutetium. The unique properties of rare earths make them useful in a wide variety of applications such as batteries, catalysts, magnets, nonferrous alloys, phosphors, and polishing compounds. the principal Ree-bearing ore minerals are bastnäsite, loparite, monazite, xe...
Ссылка для цитирования: Боярко Г.Ю., Хатьков В.Ю. Обзор состояния производства и потребления баритового сырья в России // Известия Томского политехнического университета. Инжиниринг георесурсов. – 2021. – Т. 332. – № 10. – С. 180–191. Актуальность работы обусловлена наличием периодической импортозависимости России по баритовому сырью. Цель: изучение динамики товарных потоков (производства, импорта, экспорта, потребления) баритового сырья в России и в мировом масштабе, его цен (мировых и российских), сырьевой базы барита России и перспектив ее национального производства. Методы: статистический, графический, логический. Результаты. На основании анализа имеющейся информации сделан вывод, что баритовое минеральное сырье в России является критическим товарным продуктом ввиду ограниченности его добычи на единственном месторождении и наличия значимых объемов импорта барита на границе порога импортозависимости. Малый размер российского импортного товарного потока барита, с одной стороны, легко обеспечивается, с другой – не способен влиять на цены и объемы торговых экспортно-импортных потоков баритового сырья. Предложены меры регулирования баритодобывающей отрасли: возобновление добычных работ на Хойлинской группе баритовых месторождений (Хойлинское, Малохойлинское и Пальникское) в Республике Коми и на техногенном Урском месторождении в Кемеровской области; организация оценочных и разведочных работ на Кутень-Булукском, Моховском, Карасугском-II и Юбилейном месторождениях к северу от выбывающего из эксплуатации Толчеинского месторождения в Республике Хакассия; первоочередные поиски новых месторождений баритового сырья следует организовать близ имеющихся транспортных инфраструктур на Алчано-Бикинской и Муравьево-Амурской баритоносных площадях в Приморском крае, на Анюйской и Нижне-Амурской площадях в Хабаровском крае, на Сакмарской площади в Республике Бошкортостан. Предложено сохранить стабильный импортный товарный поток барита от постоянных партнеров в Республике Казахстан в экономических условиях стран Таможенного союза, а также рассмотреть возможность формирования новых импортных потоков баритового сырья из Индии и Лаоса.
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