One of the most important problems in milk production, causing great economic loses is certainly mastitis. In order to minimize economic losses from mastitis dairy farms introduce different mastitis management programs. These programs include mastitis therapy and prevention. In mastitis control prevention is most important and when mastitis occurs cost of therapy and milk discharge is very important. In our study we examined cost of mastitis treatment and milk loss in different mastitis management programs. We concluded that most costly are mastitis caused by specific pathogens. Cost of milk loss is 2.4 times bigger than cost of drug consumption. Applying of tit-dipping has great importance in reduction of mastitis caused by specific pathogens and less importance for conditional saprophytes. In total, cost of mastitis treatment on whole farm was almost the same for all mastitis management programs, while the effect of the program on farm C was the most expensive in the cows with the finding of specific pathogens.
Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, primarily affecting ruminants. The aetiologic agent is Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The disease is characterised by persistent diarrhea, weight loss and protein-losing enteropathy. Paratuberculosis can cause significant economic loss in affected herds, as a result of reduced milk yield, increased incidence of mastitis, altered milk constituents, increased somatic cell counts, poor feed conversion, increased susceptibility to disease in general, reduced reproductive efficiency, premature culling and reduced cull cow values. The economic impact of paratuberculosis includes production losses due to sub-clinical and clinical cases, losses due to increased replacement of animals and costs of control measures. Due to the fact that most cases of paratuberculosis are subclinical and precise prevalence data are often lacking, it is difficult to assess the economic consequences of paratuberculosis. For instance, estimates of milk production losses are inconsistent. Some studies found equivalent or even higher milk productions in test-positive animals. Other studies showed losses in test-positive animals of up to 19.5% of the 0 to 305 days-in-milk production, depending on parity. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR31084]
The main goals of marketing are the following: firstly, to attract new customers by emphasizing the potential value of the product or service offered and secondly, to keep the existing customers by keeping them satisfied with the product or service by constantly producing superior value and exceeding their expectations. Contrary to the U.S.A., where greatest achievements were accomplished in the field of marketing theory and application and its implementation into veterinary practice, as well as in appropriate perception of importance of marketing idea and philosophy, this issue has not been appropriately addressed in our country. The main goal of marketing in veterinary practice is not only to sell a product or service, but also to create mutual profitable long-term relations with clients. Disregarding personal reasons for practicing veterinary medicine, particularly in small-animal practice, the veterinarian should approach such practice as any other business activity that should provide profits. In that respect, it is of key importance to adopt marketing approach and management concept. The four basic marketing instruments are product, price, promotion and place that make so-called marketing mix, which is applicable also in the veterinary practice. In veterinary medicine, the product pertains to spent items (e.g. drugs, food) or veterinary services. By determining the price, the basis is the cost price and added profit margin, depending on the product or service offered. The promotion encompasses communication with the owners, presenting them products and services offered, describing the features of the clinic or infirmary, etc. Contrary to other business branches, position of veterinary unit is not so important, yet it must provide good communication with animal owner. The overall experience of the customer, starting from entering the clinic / infirmary until leaving it, must be professional, pleasant and effective. Only accomplishing this goal will enable competitiveness or justify even a higher price for a superior service.
Paratuberculosis is an incurable chronic disease of ruminants, which is manifested with clinical signs of diarrhea and progressive weight loss. Causative agent is Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and the disiase occurs in cattle, sheep and goats. The outspread of paratuberculosis is huge in the whole world, especially in the countries where animal breeding is a developed branch of economy. Animals get infected with food and water contaminated with feces of infected animals. The infection spreads within infected pastures and also when trading animals with latent infection. Clinical manifestation of the disease can firstly be noticed in young categories of sheep, which is different than in cattle. Primary clinical symptom is chronic weight loss. It is rather hard to determine the level of prevalence of the disease, in a certain region, because the diagnostic procedure is complex and not always reliable enough. Detection of antibodies with ELISA test is considered a method of choice for diagnostic of paratuberculosis, because of fast gaining of the results and relatively low price of the test. By applying the ELISA test, we have analysed 2000 sheep blood samples. Positive results for paratuberculosis were found in 66 ( 3,30%) animals in total. In sheep samples from southern Backa region, positive findings were gained from 42 (3,89%) samples, and in Srem region, positive finding were found in samples from 24 sheep (2,60%). Control programs are based on the removal of all infected animals, application of general preventive measures and vaccination. Application of vaccination aims for elimination of clinical form of the disease. An effective treatment has not been determined so far.
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