This study deals the application of Cynodon dactylon based thermally activated carbon for fluoride toxicity. The batch adsorption techniques was followed at neutral pH as the functions of contact time, adsorbent dose, adsorbate concentration, temperature and the effect of co-anions. The data indicate that the prepared adsorbent surface sites are heterogeneous in nature and that fits into a heterogeneous site-binding model. The present system followed the Redlich-Peterson isotherm as well as Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Lagergren pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra particle diffusion and Elovich kinetics were modeled to describe the adsorption rate of fluoride and determined as this scheme followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The calculated enthalpy change, ΔH°, and entropy change, ΔS°, for the adsorption process are +8.725 kJ/mol and +0.033 J/mol K respectively and shows endothermic experience. Instrumental analysis of XRD, FTIR and SEM gives the idea about the fluoride binding ability of adsorbent

This short review article presents a summary of ecofriendly ways to synthesize cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles using biomaterials like plant extract, bacterium and fungus. Currently, researchers have focused their concentration on the biosynthesis of nanoparticles using biomaterials containing phenols, carbonyls, amines, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids which act as bio-templates, reducing agents, stabilizing agents, capping agents and chelating agents for nanoparticles. This article also discussed the reports of characterization of cobalt oxide nanoparticles by UV-Vis spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyzer which were carried out by various researchers. The applications of these biosynthesized cobalt oxide nanoparticles in a wide range of potential zones are listed including antibacterial activity, photo catalyst, sensor and supercapacitor.

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Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have been synthesized via microwave-assisted method. The structural analysis was carried out using X-ray diffractometer. It showed that the ZnO nanoparticle exhibited hexagonal structure. Further the ZnO product was investigated by FT-IR and SEM analysis. Also antimicrobial efficiency in different concentrations have been studied and found good activity against Escherichia coli.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) occurs in three basic modification anatase, rutile and brookite. Anatase is widely studied due to its very good photocatalytic properties, which may be used in additives to paints and construction materials, degradation of organic pollutants in air and water etc.,. In the present work, the synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of calcareous/TiO2 nanocomposites on the removal of methylene blue dye were carried out by using solvothermal method. Synthesized nanocomposites was characterized by using XRD, SEM, EDAX and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The XRD pattern reveals the course of composites formation and calcareous/TiO2 nanocomposites containing anatase phase of TiO2 were found. The higher photocatalytic activity was obtained in anatase phase of TiO2 than rutile. It is concluded that the higher photocatalytic activity in anatase is due to parameters like band gap, number of hydroxyl groups, surface area and porosity of catalyst. The spherical morphology of calcareous/TiO2 nanocomposites was observed in SEM analysis. The photocatalytic efficiency of various operational parameters like concentration, time, catalyst loading and pH on methylene blue dye was also studied.