Prevention of dental caries in children is one of the current problems of modern pediatric dentistry, which is due to the high prevalence and intensity of this disease. Analysis of the results of epidemiological studies conducted among children of different ages in the regions of Ukraine shows a significant increase in caries growth in recent years, both temporary and permanent teeth, which leads to in-depth study of the hardness of dental tissues to cariogenic factors in connection with the need in the constant improvement of methods of treatment and prevention of this pathology. The purpose of the study was to analyze the value of enamel caries resistance as a detector of resistance of dental hard tissues to carious process and its complications. The subject of the research is the work of domestic and foreign researchers on this topic. In the course of the research the bibliosemantic method and structural-logical analysis were used. Today, dental caries is the most common disease in different age groups, which is confirmed by the prevalence – 90-100% and a sharp trend of increasing its intensity. Given the high rates of this pathology, it should be remembered that its untimely treatment leads to the following complications: pulpitis, periodontitis, tooth extraction. An important concept that indicates the possibility of caries is caries resistance, which indicates the level of resistance of the enamel to caries and has an informative diagnostic value for the dentist. According to modern ideas, in the pathogenesis of dental caries the leading role is played by caries-resistant enamel. Its mineral base is formed by isomorphic crystals of apatite, which contain various chemical elements, and their amount in the body is closely related to the amount in the environment. It is established that more than 40 chemical elements take part in the process of tooth mineralization, the most important of which belongs to calcium, phosphorus, fluoride. Insufficient amount or excess of certain micronutrients in the environment, especially in soils and drinking water, can change their content in the body and, consequently, in the hard tissues of the teeth, affecting their resistance to caries. It is well known that the influence of a number of adverse environmental factors leads to a decrease in the resistance of the body as a whole and, as a consequence, to a decrease in the caries resistance of the enamel of the hard tissues of the teeth. Sensitivity to the effects of adverse factors increases significantly in the prepubertal period, a time not only of intensive growth of the child and the formation of his personality, but also a period of mineralization of more than half of permanent teeth. Therefore, exactly at this time dentists should pay special attention to the prevention of caries of permanent teeth in children by improving the conditions of secondary mineralization of tooth enamel, thereby increasing their level of caries resistance
The purpose of the study was to conduct a retrospective analysis of the prevalence and intensity of caries of temporary teeth among children in the mountain regions of Transcarpathia, taking into account the endemic features of the Transcarpathian region and its impact on the carious process. Materials and methods. The research was conducted among 135 students of the 1st – 2nd grades of Uzhhorod Secondary School No.20 Lyceum "Leader" (69 girls and 66 boys) and among 116 students of the 1st – 2nd grades of Rakhiv Secondary School No.1 of the 1st – 3rd grades (60 girls and 56 boys). Results and discussion. The mountain zone is 60–65% of the entire territory (Rakhiv, Tyachiv and Mukachevo districts). This territorial zone is characterized by a significant deficiency of fluoride, iodine and a number of micro- and macronutrients. The level of fluoride in the soil is 0.02–0.03 mg/l, in water – 0.3–0.5 mg/l. The foothill zone is represented by Khust district and makes 10–15% of the territory of the region. The level of fluoride in the soil is 0.02–0.025 mg/l, in water – 0.2–0.4 mg/l. The level of deficiency of micro- and macroelements (fluoride, iodine, calcium) is high, which is reflected in the health of the human body, including children, as its growth and development negatively affect the formation of organs and systems at a young age. In the lowlands, at an altitude of 110–200 m above sea level, there are Uzhgorod, Mukachevo, Beregovo districts, which make up to 20–30% of the entire territory. The level of fluoride in the soil is 0.015–0.022 mg/l, in water – 0.1–0.3 mg/l. Given the fact that this area is biochemical in terms of fluoride and iodine deficiency, a significant percentage of the prevalence and intensity of caries is registered in this area. The mineral composition of the human body is constant, especially in childhood, which directly depends on the intake of micro- and macronutrients with food and drinking water. The role of micro- and macroelements is important for the proper functioning of all organs and systems. For example, calcium is a vital element for the development of the body, healthy bones and teeth, as well as the functioning of hematopoietic organs and the cardiovascular system. Conclusion. It is generally accepted that insufficient intake of fluoride and iodine in the human body leads to imbalance of de- and remineralization of enamel, and, accordingly, reduces the level of caries-resistant tooth enamel, which leads to destruction of the crystal lattice of enamel and defects in hard tissues. In regions with low content of fluorides and iodine in drinking water and soil, which also includes the Transcarpathian region, there is a significant prevalence and intensity of caries, both among children and adults, and therefore, the definition of these indicators remains relevant to present day
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