The pes myology of the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla has been studied in detail to understand its adaptive properties. The morphofunctional features of these muscles have been compared to the respective muscles of the brown bear (Ursus arctos), in which the locomotor role of the foot is similar to that in the giant anteater. M. tridactyla has a complete set of short pes muscles and their structure is generally the same as in the brown bear and some other plantigrade mammals. In spite of some differences, the work of the pes muscles in the giant anteater and brown bear is basically similar, which is consistent with the similar anatomy of these muscles in these two mammals. This similarity suggests that the pes myology in the animals studied reflects the adaptation to the run, which in the giant anteater is however less pronounced than in the brown bear.Ìûøöû ñòîïû è èõ ðàáîòà ó ãèãàíòñêîãî ìóðàâüåäà Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Myrmecophagidae, Pilosa) ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äðóãèìè ñòîïîõîäÿùèìè ìëåêîïèòàþùèìè Ï.Ï. Ãàìáàðÿí, Î.Â. AEåðåáöîâà, À.À. Ïåðåïåëîâà, Â.Â. Ïëàòîíîâ ÐÅÇÞÌÅ. Äëÿ âûÿñíåíèÿ àäàïòèâíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé ìûøö ñòîïû ãèãàíòñêîãî ìóðàâüåäà Myrmecophaga tridactyla ïðîâåäåíî äåòàëüíîå èçó÷åíèå èõ ñòðîåíèÿ, à òàêaeå ñðàâíåíèå ìîðôî-ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé ýòèõ ìûøö ñ àíàëîãè÷íîé ìóñêóëàòóðîé áóðîãî ìåäâåäÿ (Ursus arctos), ëîêîìîòîðíàÿ ðîëü ñòîïû êîòîðîãî íàèáîëåå áëèçêà òàêîâîé ìóðàâüåäà. Äëÿ M. tridactyla õàðàêòåðåí äîâîëüíî ïîëíûé íàáîð êîðîòêèõ ìûøö ñòîïû. Àíàëîãè÷íûå ìûøöû âî ìíîãîì ñî ñõîäíûì ñòðîåíèåì íàáëþäàþòñÿ è â ñòîïå áóðîãî ìåäâåäÿ, à òàêaeå íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ ñòîïîõîäÿùèõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ. Íåñìîòðÿ íà íåêîòîðûå ðàçëè÷èÿ, ðàáîòà ìûøö, äåéñòâóþùèõ íà ñòîïó, ó ãèãàíòñêîãî ìóðàâüåäà è áóðîãî ìåäâåäÿ òàêaeå â îñíîâíîì ñõîäíà, ÷òî ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ îáùèìè ÷åðòàìè àíàòîìèè ýòèõ ìûøö. Íàáëþäàåìîå ñõîäñòâî ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîaeèòü, ÷òî ìèîëîãèÿ ñòîïû ó èçó÷åííûõ aeèâîòíûõ íåñåò îòïå÷àòîê àäàïòàöèè ê áåãó, êîòîðàÿ, îäíàêî, ó ìóðàâüåäà âûðàaeåíà ñëàáåå, ÷åì ó ìåäâåäÿ.ÊËÞ×ÅÂÛÅ ÑËÎÂÀ: Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Ursus arctos, ìûøöû ñòîïû, àäàïòèâíûå îñîáåííîñòè, ìîðôî-ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé àíàëèç.

ABSTRACT. The comparative analysis of such high specialized burrowers as Talpa europaea, Spalax microphthalmus, Nannospalax nehringi, Myospalax myospalax and generalized non-burrowing Rattus norvegicus was carried out to reveal their adaptive peculiarities in the skeleton and muscles structure of cervical-thoracic region. In Talpa during the pushing the soil apart with the forelimbs the drawing of head backwards between the hands is observed. It results in arched neck position, atlas being displaced on the ventral parts of the occipital condyles. At the drawing the head forward during the searching of food the role of m. longus colli is most important. For its insertion in Talpa, in contrast to that of other burrowers and Rattus, the specific ventral plates are developed not only on the sixth, but also on the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae. The particular mobility in thoracic region in Talpa testifies that during the throwing out the soil the forelimbs are used. Spalax, Nannospalax, and Myospalax, on the contrary, throw the soil out with the head. It becomes possible at the significant consolidation of the cervical vertebrae by the sharp decreasing of their mobility up to the partial accretion. However, in comparison to Rattus and Talpa, the higher mobility in the occipital joint is observed. Moreover, the increasing of solidity of the first thorax segment and formation of the specific withers on the secondsixths (seventh) thoracic vertebrae take place. Three main groups of the muscles (extensors of occipital and elbow joints; the muscles lifting the body between the forelimbs) acting at the process of throwing the soil with the head in spalacids and Myospalax are about foursix times stronger than such in Rattus; the extensors of the occipital joint are 20 times stronger than those in Talpa.KEY WORDS: Talpidae, Spalacidae, Myospalacidae, skeleton, musculature, burrowing. ÐÅÇÞÌÅ. Äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ àäàïòèâíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé â ñòðîåíèè ñêåëåòà è ìûøö øåéíî-ãðóäíîé îáëàñòè áûëî ïðîâåäåíî ñðàâíåíèå òàêèõ ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûõ çåìëåðîåâ êàê êðîòû (Talpa europaea), ñëåïûøè (Spalax microphthalmus, Nannospalax nehringi) è öîêîðû (Myospalax myospalax) ñ óíèâåð-ñàëüíîé, íåðîþùåé ôîðìîé (Rattus norvegicus). Ó êðîòà ïðè ðàçäâèãàíèè ãðóíòà ëàïàìè ïðîèñõîäèò îòòÿãèâàíèå ãîëîâû íàçàä ìåaeäó êîíå÷íîñòÿìè. Ýòî ïðèâîäèò ê äóãîîáðàçíîé ïîñòàíîâêå øåè, ïðè ýòîì àòëàíò çàíèìàåò âåíòðàëüíóþ ÷àñòü çàòûëî÷íûõ ìûùåëêîâ. Ïðè âûòÿãèâàíèè øåè âïåðåä âî âðåìÿ ïîèñêà êîðìà îñíîâíóþ ðîëü èãðàåò m. longus colli, äëÿ ïðèêðåïëåíèÿ êîòîðîé ó Talpa, â îòëè÷èå îò äðóãèõ èçó÷åííûõ ôîðì, íå òîëüêî íà øåñòîì, íî è íà ÷åòâåðòîì-ïÿòîì øåéíûõ ïîçâîíêàõ ðàçâèâàþòñÿ ñïåöèàëüíûå âåíòðàëüíûå ïëàñòèíêè. Ðàçâèòèå îñîáîé ïîäâèaeíîñòè â ãðóäíîé îáëàñòè ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò â ïîëüçó òîãî, ÷òî è ïðè âûêèäûâàíèè çåìëè êðîòû ïîëüçóþòñÿ ëàïàìè. Spalax, Nannospalax è Myospalax âûáðàñûâàþò çåìëþ íà ïîâåðõíîñòü ãîëîâîé. Ýòî ñòàíî-âèòñÿ âîçìîaeíûì ïðè aeåñòêîé êîíñîëèäàöèè øåéíûõ ïîçâîíêîâ ïóòåì ðåçêîãî óìåíüøåíèÿ èõ ïîäâèaeíîñòè, âïëîòü äî ñðàñòàíèÿ ðÿäà èç íèõ. Îäíàêî ïî ñðàâíåí...

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The transformation of the forelimb musculature in insectivorous mammals was clarified in connection with their digging specialization. The comparative morphological analysis was carried out in five species of moles (Talpidae): Neurotrichus gibbsii; Talpa europaea; Mogera wogura; Scalopus aquaticus; Desmana moschata, and two species of golden moles (Chrysochloridae): Chrysochloris asiatica; Eremitalpa granti. In Т. europaea, during the soil displacement aside the main load falls on the flexors of the shoulder joint, of which the m. teres major is most developed. In golden moles, as in many other mammals, the relative weight of this muscle is significantly less that is connected with a different manner of burrowing. In all moles, in contrast to the gold moles, the maintenance of the permanently extended elbow joint is characteristic during the whole lateral stroke. As a result their olecranon is well developed that allows increasing the lever of the force attachment with relatively weak extensors. Thus, in moles, the relative weight of the m. anconeus longus is less of such in majority of specialized diggers. In both moles and golden moles, the weakness of the muscle parts of the m. flexor digitorum profundus is also observed.