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Velichko, A. A., Novenko, E. Y., Pisareva, V. V., Zelikson, E. M., Boettger, T. & Junge, F. W. 2005 (May): Vegetation and climate changes during the Eemian interglacial in Central and Eastern Europe: comparative analysis of pollen data. Boreas, Vol. 34, pp. 207–219. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483. The article discusses pollen data from Central and Eastern Europe and provides insight into the climate and vegetation dynamics throughout the Eemian interglacial (including preceding and succeeding transitional phases). Three sections with high resolution pollen records are presented. Comparison of the data indicates that the range of climatic and environmental changes increased from west to east, whereas the main phases of vegetation development appear to have been similar throughout the latitudinal belt. At the interglacial optimum, the vegetation in both Central and Eastern Europe was essentially homogeneous. An abrupt change marks the Saalian/Eemian boundary (transition from OIS 6 to OIS 5e), where environmental fluctuations were similar to those detected at the transition from the Weichselian to the Holocene (Allerød and Dryas 3). Transition from the Eemian to the Weichselian was gradual in the western part of the transect, with forest persisting. In the east, fluctuations of climate and vegetation were more dramatic; forest deteriorated and was replaced by cold open landscapes.

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The reconstruction of natural environments associated with the development and degradation of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet from the Mikulino Interglacial period to the Holocene is presented in this paper. A diagram showing the change of vegetation in the periglacial zone of the Ice Sheet during the last 130 ka had been constructed from the results of studying the key sections with glacial and interstadial deposits in NorthWestern areas of the East European plain. In addition, paleolandscape maps (glacier, vegetation, periglacial basins) were composed for Fennoscandia and adjacent areas for the following time periods: the Last Glacial Maximum (time of maximum cold or a minimum of heat provision), the Late Glacial time (optimum of the Allerød interstadial, the maximal cooling and the ice advance of the Late Dryas), and the Early Holocene (the Preboreal). The maps for the Late Glacial time show the most dramatic changes of the main components of paleolandscape associated with positions of the ice margin and the nature of the proglacial drainage. Changes in the glacial structures of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet during the growth of the warming were happening faster, mainly due to local factors (topography of the glacier bed, tectonics, and glacioisostatic and glacioeustatic movements). In the vegetation of the periglacial zone, the composition of flora throughout the late Pleistocene remained unchanged, although structures of the plant communities varied. This vegetation consisted of a mix of forest, tundra and steppe complexes adapted to the sharply continental climate conditions. Transition from the Late Dryas to the Early Holocene was found everywhere in the changes of the plant communities, that could be considered as the initial stage of formation of the present-day latitudinal zonation.

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