Of particular importance in our time is the detailed study of morphology, physiology and biochemistry, the digestive system of new poultry crosses, which is the biological basis for the development of complete feeding and improving the productive qualities of the bird. The morphological aspects of the formation of the lymphoid structures in the bird's digestive tract, including Muscovy ducks, have not yet been elucidated. Selected duodenum, jejunum, ileum were filled with subsequent paraffin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The study material was selected from non-vaccinated, Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) of 1-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, 150-, 180-, 210-and 240 days old. In the newborn bird, the immune structures are characterized by a low degree of differentiation and are represented by single lymphocytes. Subsequently, lymphoid nodules appear on the background of diffuse lymphoid tissue from the 30-days-old (in the jejunum intestine) to 60-days-old (in the ileum). In the period from 90-to 120-days-old, lymphoid nodules with centers of reproduction are formed in the mucous membrane of the small intestine. From the age of 120 days-old to the onset of puberty (240 days) in the mucous membrane of all parts of the small intestine, the formation of lymphoid nodules is completed, with centers as well as without germinal center. It has been established that the localization of lymphoid structures of the mucous membrane of the Muscovy ducks' small intestine has certain regional features: duodenal lymphoid structures are represented solely by single lymphocytes, lymphoid tissue is diffuse and lymphoid nodules are on different differentiation stages, and localized in the mucous and submucous membrane of the small intestine. It was found that lymphoid structures of the jejunum and ileum are represented by Peyer's patches, which are formed by diffuse lymphoid tissue, single and aggregated lymphoid nodules, and by the general regularity of the lymphoid nodules localization in the mucosal and muscular layer of the organs.
Obesity is the accumulation of excessive adipose tissue in the body and is the most common nutritional disorder in pets. Obesity is one of the most prevalent health conditions in companion animals globally. It is associated with premature mortality, metabolic dysfunction, and multiple health conditions across species. Obesity is, therefore, of importance in the field of veterinary medicine. The regulation of adiposity is a homeostatic process vulnerable to disruption by many genetic and environmental factors. Among dogs, cases are found in 22–24 %, and among cats – in 20 % of animals that visited a veterinary clinic. Approximately one-third of cats older than 12 years of age may have a decreased ability to digest fat, whereas one in five may have a compromised ability to digest protein. More than 40 % of dogs between the ages of 5 and 10 years are overweight or obese. Among the risk factors that cause excessive fat deposition is noted: breed, age, sex, sterilization, lifestyle, endocrine diseases, drug treatment and contraception, feeding, social factor, and the number of animals in the household. Obesity, in turn, affects several metabolic processes and is a factor that affects the development of pathological processes: dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes, excessive deposition of fat in the liver and pancreas, coronary heart disease, disease gallbladder, osteoarthritis, urethral sphincter dysfunction, may increase the risk of certain types of cancer. For research, two groups of cats aged 3–7 years were formed, but breed data were not taken into account. Laboratory blood tests confirmed the clinical observations of specialists regarding overweight cats. The pathoanatomical autopsy with subsequent pathohistological studies made it possible to finally confirm the diagnosis of obesity, which was accompanied by fatty dystrophy of internal organs.
In lymph nodes, as peripheral organs of the immune system, the patterns of their growth and development are unique in many ways, especially during the prenatal period of ontogenesis. The changes in the absolute and relative mass of lymph nodes in 66 bovine fetuses of different gestational ages (2–9 months) were studied. The weight of the fetuses and organs was determined with an accuracy of 0.001 g. According to the indicators of weight, body length, and the degree of development of the fetal skin derivatives, their age was established. It was found that in the first third of the fetal period of ontogenesis, the dynamics of the lymph nodes’ absolute mass was characterized by a moderate increase, which occurred simultaneously with an increase in the weight of the fetus itself. The relative weight at the beginning of the fetal period changed unevenly: it decreased in the superficial cervical and mandibular and increased in the popliteal and caudal mediastinal lymph nodes. In the second third of the fetal period, both the absolute and the relative weight of the examined organs increased dramatically (with the maximum at 7 months-old age). During the last third of the fetal period, a gradual increase in the absolute mass of all lymph nodes was found, and their relative mass, on the contrary, decreased moderately. In the second and last third of prenatal development, there was no direct relationship between the growth of the lymph nodes mass and the fetal total mass.
Identifying and eliminating factors that interfere with the nutrient absorption from feed is essential for successful poultry rearing. The nutritional value of feed mixtures used in the poultry industry can be increased by the use of enzyme supplements, in particular β-mannanase (Hemicell), which breaks down the anti-nutrients β-mannans that are present in significant quantities in soy products. For the study, two groups of 50 broiler chickens were formed. In the control group a standard feed mixture from cereals was used, particularly soybeans, and in the experimental group 0.05% β-mannanase enzyme supplement (Hemicell) in addition to the compound feed was used. Production indicators were established (average daily gain, survival rate, feed costs). On the 15th, 25th and 42nd days of rearing, lymphatic organs (cloacal bursa and spleen) were collected from seven chickens of each group, followed by macro, microscopic and morphometric evaluation. It was found that the addition of an enzyme supplement promotes an increase in the production indicators of poultry rearing, reduces feed use, does not affect the macroscopic characteristics of the lymphatic organs. β-mannanase (Hemicell) contributes to the maintenance of an active morphofunctional state of the cloacal bursa and spleen during the entire period of poultry rearing. This was manifested by high indices of the absolute and relative organ masses, a moderate development degree of tissue components and cloacal bursa histological structures (number, shape and average length of lymphatic nodules, density of lymphocytes in the cortex and medulla) and spleen (number and diameter of lymphatic nodules and periarterioal lymphatic sheaths). In the control group, at all stages of rearing, the morphofunctional state of the bursa was found to be lower and signs of immunosuppression were revealed by the end of the rearing period (a sharp decline in the bursa absolute mass, organ mass index, a decrease in the average length of nodules, change in their shape, thinned cortical layer and delymphotisation). The morphofunctional state of the spleen of chickens from the control group remained high throughout the entire study period. So use of the β-mannanase enzyme supplement (Hemicell) while rearing broiler chickens not only increased the efficiency of their rearing but also contributed to maintaining a high morphological and functional state of the cloacal bursa.
The dynamics of growth and development of the basic and additional centers of ossifi cation of bone organs gives an opportunity to fi nd out the patterns of change of their tissue components and subsequent age-related remodeling when performing biomechanical and hematopoietic functions. Features of morphogenesis of hematopoietic components of the skeleton in productive animals should be taken into account in determining the etiopathogenesis and development of methods of treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, immunodefi ciency and anemic conditions in young animals. Were studied bone organs (9th thoracic vertebra, femur) from clinically healthy newborns, 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-day-old pigs (n = 5) of white Ukrainian breed grown using traditional technologies. Radiological research in the organs of universal hematopoiesis determined the availability and degree of development of the dia-, epi- and apophysar centers of ossifi cation, as well as features of the structure of spongy and compact bone tissue. Determination of the relative area of the centers of ossifi cation on radiograph was performed by the method of “point counting” using the eyepiece test systems according to the method of G.G. Avtandilova. In newborn piglets, the bones of the axial skeleton show only the diaphysar (body) centers of ossifi cation and brackets, whereas in the bones of the peripheral bone, the diaphysar and epiphysar ones, as well as the apophysar (larger swivel). With age, the number of limb bones does not change, and the axial skeleton, except for previously formed diaphysar and brackets, appear epiphysar (heads and fossae), starting at the age of 20 days. In all bones there is an increase in the size and relative area of previously formed centers of ossifi cation. In bone organs of all age groups, small-cell spongy bone prevails, whereas compact at the moment of birth, it is present only in the peripheral skeleton, and in axial - it fi rst appears in the body of a vertebra of 10-day piglets and also in the brackets - 20-day piglets. The thickness of metaphysar cartilages, subchondral bones of articular cartilages, as well as the epi- and diametaphysar subchondral bones increases with age. Key words: blood forming and immune protection organs, skeleton, bone organs, basic and additional centers of ossifi cation, bone tissue, piglets.
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