The purpose of the work is to establish the patterns of use of various fuel additives aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions from the blast furnace. In connection with global warming and related negative consequences in the future, the issue of reducing greenhouse gases (including CO2) is one of the most important in the world. Thus, the issue of decarbonization of the metallurgical industry of Ukraine, which accounts for about 26% of emissions, is urgent. In Ukraine during steel production, CO2 emissions are ~8% higher than in EU countries, which is primarily due to the fact that the energy intensity of blast furnace production technology in Ukraine is greater. Therefore, with the introduction of quotas for CO2 emissions (EU ETS), without the introduction of blast furnace decarbonization technologies, Ukrainian metallurgy may become uncompetitive. With the use of improved thermal energy and exergy models of blast furnace smelting, regularities were established when using PCI (as the most economical substitute for coke), natural and coke over gas for CO2 emissions and technical and economic indicators of blast furnace smelting. The best period of operation of blast furnace No. 4 with a volume of 2002 m3 of PJSC "MK "Azovstal" in 2021 was chosen as the basic calculation option. The regularities of the effect of the use of different grades of coal for pulverized coal injection (PCI) and changes in the chemical composition of PCI while maintaining the theoretical combustion temperature at a constant level on CO2 emissions and blast furnace smelting indicators have been established, which will allow a rational approach to the choice of coal for PCI, which is especially relevant in wartime and the post-war recovery of Ukraine in the conditions of the loss of the coal energy base for PCI. For the first time, the critical consumption of fuel additives was determined, at which, according to Gruner's principle, it is expected to achieve full recovery of iron by indirect means, and therefore minimum fuel consumption when reaching rd close to 0%. As a result of the work performed, the limit values of the effectiveness of the use of PCI, natural and coke gas injection technologies on carbon dioxide emissions, output of secondary energy resources and coke consumption were established.
Keywordslutions to reduce CO 2 emissions in blast furnace production. But the solutions offered by foreign companies are not always applicable to blast furnace production in Ukraine, they require scientific study and adaptation to the conditions of Ukraine, including the energy balance of enterprises, raw material conditions, blast furnace equipment, technology and competitiveness of iron-carbon intermediate, the presence of energy. Ukraine needs to develop its own concept of reducing CO 2 emissions, taking into account the competitiveness of iron-carbon intermediate, which depends on the energy intensity of blast furnace production. Therefore, it is very important to assess and analyze the directions of reduction of CO 2 emissions in metallurgy abroad for further development of blast furnace smelting regimes that reduce carbon dioxide emissions in relation to the existing and future conditions of metallurgical enterprises of Ukraine.
The aim of the work is to study modern ways to increase the operational reliability of the furnace and hearth of blast furnaces, which largely determine the duration of the blast furnace campaign. The article analyzes the ways to increase the stability of the furnace and hearth, presents the results of the analysis of thermal work and ignition of the lining of metal receivers of blast furnaces of different designs. The modern directions of construction of the metal receiver of blast furnaces are determined. It is shown that the modern methodology of construction of blast furnace furnaces develops two main directions: the use of a coordinated combination of refractory materials with a cooling system; use of a combination of wear-resistant materials based on carbon and ceramics. However, even the improvement of the design and cooling system of the metal receiver does not allow to fully increase the duration of the campaign. To assess the service life of the furnace, it is necessary to provide regular automated control of the ignition of the furnace lining and hearth. In Ukraine, during the renovation of blast furnaces, the design of metal receivers with the use of "ceramic glass" was preferred. To date, the system of monitoring the thermal work and ignition of the furnace has been implemented in 10 blast furnaces using the automatic control system "Horn" developed by the HMI NASU. The implementation of continuous control over the ignition of the furnace in blast furnaces allowed us to assess the effect of the use of ceramic cups. The value of heat losses of the furnace and the cost of coke for their compensation are estimated. Methods and models for determining the thermal state and wear of the metal receiver lining based on a combination of calorimetric and thermometric control methods have been developed. Comparison of heat losses of the metal receiver in the cooling system of blast furnaces allows to quantify the thermal performance of controlled areas and the furnace as a whole. It is shown that the specific value of heat loss of the metal receiver per unit volume of the blast furnace can serve as an integral parameter. It is established that the value of specific heat losses per unit volume of the blast furnace with a ceramic cup is ~ 0.4-0.7 kW/m3, which is much less than blast furnaces without it (~ 0.9-1.1 kW/m3). Ceramic glass saves coke about 1 kg/t of cast iron.
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