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Hydrogeochemical investigations were carried out in semi-arid region of Basara to estimate the quality of groundwater for its suitability for domestic and agricultural purposes. For this region 34 groundwater samples were collected in different locations and analyzed for various ions, viz., Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , Cl − , HCO 3 − , SO 4 2− , CO 3 2− , HCO 3 − , NO 3 − and F − to assess the water chemistry with sodium absorption ratio, %Na, residual sodium carbonate, magnesium hazard. The nitrate and fluoride concentrations were above the maximum permissible limit, while calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride were found below the desirable limits in most of the groundwater samples. The Wilcox diagram illustrates that 59% of the samples belong to excellent to good category, while the US Salinity Laboratory diagram indicates medium salinity/low sodium content in 64.70% of samples. In general, the geochemistry of groundwater in Basara region is influenced by the water rock processes through percolation and dissolution of rock forming minerals, while calculated values of saturation index for Anhydrite, Aragonite, Artinite, Brucite, Calcite, Fluorite, Gypsum, Dolomite and Magnesite of the groundwater samples were less than zero, indicating under-saturation. Chadha rectangular diagram for geochemical classification and hydrochemical processes of groundwater for Basara provinces indicates 50% of Na + -Cl − , 29% of Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -Cl − and 18% of the water samples concentrate in the category of Na + -HCO 3 − type.

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Hydrogeochemical investigation has been carried out in the granitic terrain of Siddipet area, Medak district, Telangana State, India with an aim to understand the distribution of fluoride in the groundwater and to understand the relationship of fluoride with other major ions, and also to identify the high fluoride-bearing groundwater zones. 104 groundwater samples were analyzed in the study area for fluoride and other major ions like calcium, magnesium, chloride, carbonate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, sulfate, and nitrate in addition to pH and electrical conductivity. The studies revealed that the concentration of fluoride in groundwater is ranging from 0.2 to 2.2 mg L -1 with a mean of 1.1 mg L -1 . Nearly 22 % of groundwater has more than the permissible limit of fluoride (1.5 mg L -1 ), which is responsible for the endemic dental fluorosis in the area concerned. Geochemical classification of groundwater shows that Na-HCO 3 , Ca-Cl, and Ca-HCO 3 -Na are the dominant hydrochemical facies. Gibbs diagram shows rock-water interaction dominance and evaporation dominance, which are responsible for the change in the quality of water in the hard rock aquifer of the study area. The groundwater in villages and its environs are affected by fluoride contamination, and consequently majority of the population living in these villages suffer from dental fluorosis. Hence, they are advised to consume drinking water which has less than 1.5 mg L -1 fluoride to avoid further fluorosis risks.

The major objective of this study was to locate the vulnerable areas in terms of fluoride contamination. A total of 34 groundwater samples were collected from major drinking water sources in rural areas of Basara, Telangana, and studied with reference to the distribution and hydrogeochemistry of fluoride. The geochemical trend of groundwater in the study area demonstrates that sodium is the dominant cation (Na ? [ Ca 2? [ Mg 2? [ K ?) and chloride is the dominant anion (Cl-[ HCO 3-[ SO 4 2-[ CO 3 2-[ NO 3-[ F-). The fluoride concentration varied from 0.06 to 4.33 (1.13 ± 0.90) mg L-1 with the highest fluoride level at Karegaon village (4.33 mg L-1). Seven locations showed the presence of fluoride in excess of permissible levels.

In total, 123 groundwater samples were collected to evaluate the suitability for drinking purpose in a rural part of Andhra Pradesh, India. The groundwater is alkaline in nature and pH varying from 7.18 to 9.32 with a mean value of 8.36. The hydrogeochemical analysis reveals that the fluoride concentration varies from 0.4 to 5.8 mg/L with a mean of 1.98 mg/L. Higher fluoride concentration is found in west-central parts of Markapur region. The villagers have been exposed to the intake of high fluoride-bearing groundwater for the prolonged period and suffering from the deadly disease fluorosis. However, with respect to groundwater chemistry, the fluoride concentration is high in Na + -HCO 3 − -type groundwater and low in Ca 2+ -HCO 3 − -type groundwater in the Markapur region. Data plotted in Gibbs diagram show that all groundwater samples fall under rock weathering dominance group with a trend toward the evaporation dominance category. Therefore, rock-water interaction is the primary cause of elevated fluoride in the groundwater of the study region. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation exists between F − and pH, HCO 3 as well as negative correlation exists between Fand Ca 2+ and NO 3 − , which supports that the alkaline nature of water is the main cause for dissolving fluoride-bearing minerals.

Rhinosporidiosis is a granulomatous disease that usually affects the nasal mucosa and nasopharynx. The disease is widely prevalent in the tropics, especially in southern India and Sri Lanka. In central India, rhinosporidiosis is endemic in Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Involvement of the tracheobronchial tree is extremely rare. Only two cases of bronchial rhinosporidiosis had been reported in world literature. We report a third case of bronchial rhinosporidiosis which occurred in a patient with coexisting nasal and nasopharyngeal rhinosporidiosis. Bronchoscopic guidance excision of mass and electric cauterization of base was done under local anesthesia.

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