One of the significant changes witnessed in the labour markets in India has been the entry of women IT professionals in the rapidly growing software services sector. As the women take on the role of working professional in addition to their traditional role of the homemaker, they are under great pressure to balance their work and personal lives. This study attempts to understand how work and family related factors influence the workefamily balance of Indian women IT professionals. The study is based on an exploratory qualitative study of 13 women IT professionals in the software sector in Bangalore, India. The narratives reveal six major themes: familial influences on life choices; multi-role responsibilities and attempts to negotiate them; self and professional identity; workelife challenges and coping strategies; organisational policies and practices; and social support.
Without new innovations, present rates of increase in yields of food crops globally are inadequate to meet the projected rising food demand for 2050 and beyond. A prevailing response of crops to rising [CO
2] is an increase in leaf area. This is especially marked in soybean, the world's fourth largest food crop in terms of seed production, and the most important vegetable protein source. Is this increase in leaf area beneficial, with respect to increasing yield, or is it detrimental? It is shown from theory and experiment using open‐air whole‐season elevation of atmospheric [CO
2] that it is detrimental not only under future conditions of elevated [CO
2] but also under today's [CO
2]. A mechanistic biophysical and biochemical model of canopy carbon exchange and microclimate (MLCan) was parameterized for a modern US Midwest soybean cultivar. Model simulations showed that soybean crops grown under current and elevated (550 [ppm]) [CO
2] overinvest in leaves, and this is predicted to decrease productivity and seed yield 8% and 10%, respectively. This prediction was tested in replicated field trials in which a proportion of emerging leaves was removed prior to expansion, so lowering investment in leaves. The experiment was conducted under open‐air conditions for current and future elevated [CO
2] within the Soybean Free Air Concentration Enrichment facility (SoyFACE) in central Illinois. This treatment resulted in a statistically significant 8% yield increase. This is the first direct proof that a modern crop cultivar produces more leaf than is optimal for yield under today's and future [CO
2] and that reducing leaf area would give higher yields. Breeding or bioengineering for lower leaf area could, therefore, contribute very significantly to meeting future demand for staple food crops given that an 8% yield increase across the USA alone would amount to 6.5 million metric tons annually.
It is shown that a N × N real symmetric [complex hermitian] positive definite matrix V is congruent to a diagonal matrix modulo a pseudo-orthogonal [pseudo-unitary] It is further shown that the method of proof in this context can easily be adapted to obtain a rather simple proof of Williamson's theorem which states that if N is even then V is congruent also to a diagonal matrix modulo a symplectic matrix in Sp(N, R) [Sp(N, C)]. Applications of these results considered include a generalization of the Schweinler-Wigner method of 'orthogonalization based on an extremum principle' to construct pseudo-orthogonal and symplectic bases from a given set of linearly independent vectors.
Purpose -This paper seeks to explore career centrality, belief in gender disadvantage, and career success definition as the determinants of career persistence among women software professionals in emerging economies like India. The control variables used are marital and parental status. Design/methodology/approach -A survey questionnaire was administered to 190 software women professionals and statistical analyses were used to test the hypotheses. Findings -Belief in gender disadvantage and objective success definition are differentiators for career persistence while career centrality is not. Marital status and parental status are relevant control variables.Research limitations/implications -Further exploration is needed of the dimensions of career centrality constructs and control for demographic variables. Practical implications -Organizations should consider investments in child care support and other flexible work options so that women continue to remain in their careers. Originality/value -This is the first known study to explore career persistence among women with a focus on culture unique to Asian countries like India.
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