In this manuscript, we provide some new results for the existence of fixed points for a certain contractive condition of Geraghty type in the setting of partially ordered $G$-metric space. Also, we provide an example to illustrate the usability of results. Our results generalize or extend many well known results in the literature.
The paper examines the general overview of problems associated with traffic growth and composition of traffic flow characteristics, the levels of mobility and constraints on mobility like traffic congestion and speed reduction on important arteries, variation in trip rate and trip length, modal distribution of passenger trips, in seventeen metropolitan cities in India. As the cities of different sizes have varied problems due to many factors, such as basic road system, transport modes operating, the nature and composition of the traffic, the seventeen cities are grouped into three categories on the basis of population size of the city – large (over 5 million), medium (2–4 million) and small (1–2 million) to examine the linkage between the size of the city and traffic and travel related parameters. Linear econometric relationships are established between travel demand parameters (volume of trips, trip length, vehicle population, passenger car units) and urban size and economic structure of the city. The paper considers only passenger modes of transport and does not include freight modes. Passenger travel demand is estimated for each city during 1990–91 (base year) and projected for 2000–01 under business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, by analyzing data on vehicle population, average distance travelled, and occupancy level. Next, data on travel demand and operating energy intensity are compiled for each city for estimating demand of petrol (motor spirit) and diesel oil for the two years – 1990–91 and 2000–01. Finally, the resultant emissions of TSP, SO2 CO, NOx, HC, Pb are estimated for the corresponding years using data on emission factors and fuel demand for the corresponding years. The paper suggests the desirable cost-effective solution (of how to move people with less vehicles using less energy and spewing out less pollution) could be achieved by increasing the share of public transport in large, medium and small size cities.
Jaradat has proven some fixed point results using JS-G-contraction on $G-$metric spaces. Choudhury et al. were derived coupled fixed point theorems for the $G-$metric spaces. The purpose of this paper is to prove some coupled fixed point theorems of JS-G-contraction on G-metric spaces. Moreover, some example is presented to illustrate the validity of our results.
The Fourteenth Finance Commission ( J41h FC) was constituted at a time when the role and contribution of urban areas for the nations economy and development is being recognised. With urbanisation, cities and towns experience service delivery deficit both to general and slum households. With benchmarks for some senJices in place, the State Finance Commissions (SFCs) and Finance Commissions (FCs) need to allocate grants-in-aid to local bodies to bridge the deficit and to meet future needs based on a formula instead of ad hoc grants which has been the case hitherto. The 14' 1 ' FC need to address a comprehensive agenda that includes infrastructure provision, improved service delivery, services to poor, bridging the resource gap of Urban Local Bodies (ULB) and improve governance and workout a formula for grants-in-aid based on efforts of local bodies and state governments. This is critical to address the challenges of sustainable urban development and India's urban future.
This paper describes a pioneering initiative in urban India, with respect to information networking and knowledge support for service delivery in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector that has been impacting policy and practice. What makes the initiative unique is the model and processes it adopted -the scale, support from the national government and a mechanism for the convergence of technical support of national and international agencies. This experience highlights the critical role of knowledge networking through peer exchange in bringing about sustainable changes in service delivery through the Change Management Forum, a network of cities and utilities on water and sanitation reforms.
Despite property tax being a major source of internal revenue to the urban local bodies (ULB's) in India, it is not being properly managed and exploited optimally. Mobilisation of this resource has remained far from its actual potential. The I 3'" Finance Commission estimated that the cities can mobilize anywhere between Rs. 22,000 to Rs.32,000 crore annually from the present Rs. 6,274 crore to Rs. 9,424 crore with improved coverage and collection efficiency. To facilitate this, it recommended constitution of a state property tax board, on the lines of West Bengal Valuation Board, which has been functioning for over a quarter century. This is one of the nine mandatory recommendations whose compliance is a precondition to access the performance grant of about Rs.8,000 crore it recommended to ULB's. The authors in this article examine the legal framework, Board's composition, functions, staffing, property valuation process, etc. The authors critically examine the Board's organisation and working and draw a few lessons which can be taken into consideration by the state governments which have either constituted or are in the process of constituting similar institution in their states.*The authors acknowledge with thanks the support received from the chairperson. members and officials of the West Bengal Valuation Board. and Commissioner, Kolkata Municipal Corporation and chairpersons and officials of Kamarhati and Rajpur-Sonarpur municipalities in the collection of data and sparing time for discussions during June, 2010. We are particularly thankful to Shramik Roy of the Board for his valuable inputs. The views expressed, however, are that of the authors only. THE WEST BENGAL VALUATION BOARD I 155 D.RAVINDRA PRASAD. et alPROPERTY TAX is a major source of internal revenue to the ULB's in India as also in several countries -developed and developing. 1 Exploiting its potential, therefore, is extremely critical for the local bodies for efficient provision and management of civic services. Because of its importance, countries evolved strategies and made institutional arrangements to exploit its full potential. In India, despite its importance, this source is not being properly managed and exploited optimally.Recognising its potential, several state governments initiated policy and legislative measures to reform property tax administration. 2 There are also several city level reform initiatives. Despite these efforts the capacity of property tax to generate revenue has remained far from its actual potential considered in terms of the value of properties in cities. 3 The 13th Finance Commission (13'h FC) recognised the potential of property tax in augmenting the resources to the ULBs in the country 4 and examined the status of valuation and collection methods.The 13 1 h FC felt that the per capita revenue from property tax in India in 2006 was Rs.486 with Mumbai registering highest yield at Rs.1,334 and Patna collecting lowest with Rs. 25. Based on a study it commissioned, the 13'h FC came to the conclusion that the ULBs a...
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